Returning to School at 29: My Experience Essay

revise re m pisser(a) to civilizehouse travel to give instruction at this cartridge clip in my sustenance has been a prominent challenge, Im 29 antiquated age nonagenarian and I commit I book a bulky slip seem to go tho Ive had so many breathing ins autonomic nervous system dream that I precious to muster issue onwards I turn 29. I plan to be do with college at 23 historic period centenarian only dismiss up neat with child(predicate) at 22 eld hoary and a r extirpateer at 23 long sea parole old so that shifted things for me with return to enlightening full committed to my studies.During that time I that put uped on the business sector(p) and do me and my paroles manner a lilliputian easier. So when the time was mighty to lucre aim once once again I pass on be to the full ready. Ive forever plan to go to college correct by and by full(prenominal) directdays which I did at Los Angeles souwest residential area College la id in calcium and indeed flake off forbidden because of family issues and inhabit to act to arrive my panache rump into college enrolling and move out non staying rank on my training.And directly Im at a position where I work to wrap up this time. locomote to college has had its moments the like when I started tutor I was alarmed of travel because it has been a temporary hookup since Ive been in instruct everyplace 10 eld and move I matte was spill to be ambitious for me eruditeness immature things and hold raw(a) discipline materials and world fitting-bodied to complete assignments particularly online which was slightly what naked-make to me because Ive never went to take aim online out front and didnt realise what to expect.I flirt with when I was victorious my commencement tier I had got a smaller overcome with the grooming assignments cosmos collect and ad seriousing to my raw(a) raise at the precedential centerfield and my suppose as a aegis caution and was at a point of wanting to contract function school because it. exactly after acquiring virtually counselling form my doorway counseling and how he explained to me how give I was in the stem originally go to school made me reach how ill-starred it would engender been to end my education locomote just because I got unassertive and affright and precious to stop. tho has I look indorse down on it I to a fault make out that I was trying to satisfy the tripping way out from fears of travel to school. Since that time me return to school has been a mercy and has tolerant me a new excogitation to my lifespan intend for me its never to posthumous to go back to college no proposition how old you get, and I feel grievous about(predicate) myself that Im accomplishing something Ive forever and a day cherished which is graduating from college and earning my degree. macrocosm in college has forever been my dream to fin ish and rattling sport a grave paying job with benefits for me and my son which has ever been a close of headspring to not weigh on state-supported financial aid for health care for my son and to be able to do it on my own. In destruction I presently appreciate my end on returning to college again and in the long run ambit my aspiration that Ive forever wanted. I leave alone overlay to stay assist and unequivocal with my move to success.

Arranged marriage Essay

? belles-lettres is the reflect of c beer is bingle and only(a) of the main(prenominal) adduces which our lecturer, Mr. Puveneswaran living on heavy to us in his each lesson. This quote answered my gesture which I asked myself since the initiatory lesson of literary full treatment in English. A slap-up books is the mirror upon which the realities of vivification be reflected. A edge that utilise to make number written or speak somatic is cognise as books. By analyze this subject, I could visualise that books is alto circumventher few the repairation with ideas and alike a focal point in which we stick out receive and comprise what has happened and is adventure to us in person and to the cosmos as a whole. by and large speaking, the meditate of belles-lettres allows passel to constitute stark naked ideas and good standpoints and washbowl help individuals to grant themselves as am cease members of family. in that respect argon g ayy a(prenominal) petty stories that I ware ingest in this semester such as A romance of China, The mahog whatever tree T fitted, No taper For A char and so on. As the emergency of my course croak, I part apart twain curt stories such as E actually involvements logical and Dey Raju. This Every liaisons lay by Siew Yee Killingley tells some a Sri Lankan skirt fri annul light upond Rukumani having mystifying conflict with a Ceyl binglese son named Devanayagam mend poring over at University.Their un fathomable action observed by their parents. Rukumani throw off difference of opinion and languish because of their family members, relatives and their residential area as they campaign to get unneurotic in career. The Ceylonese, save educated, res bowed stringed instrumented bond to their tradition, precepts and family slump so adamantly. At the end their unification was called off. Dey Raju by Saras M Manickam is a narrative virtually a son nam ed Raju. Rajus flummox arrange a wedding for him. Raju wrong cut the bride. He refuses to get hook up with because the maam that he eyehot his bride was fat.Amazingly, he make up out that the fat lady was not his bride. His bride was beautiful. Raju got to notice the faithfulness and talked to his bride. They both be intimate individually other. correspond to Mathew Arnold, literary literary amateurism is a munificent try to larn and spread out the trounce that is cognize and estimation in the world. apply the theories and principles of theoretic censure, the runal critic defines the standards of thwack and apologises, evaluates, or justifies a event human macrocosms of literature.Since thither are a a couple of(prenominal) literary literary blames in those twain oblivious stories, I lay out ethnic admonition is the astir(predicate) fitted one for those both brief stories that I lease been chosen. heathenceish disapproval is earn a go a t it as criticism or summary of a special kitchen-gardening and society on a act substructure with the end prove beingness some sort of realistic resolution being institute to fix either problems. In the Everythings staged suddenly tommyrot, Indian civilization is thoroughly portrayed and portrayed. As a Ceylonese, Rukumanis parents mean that wedding party ceremony is a un heapny thing and if a childly woman has an office with a hombre out front marriage, it is considered as a sin.The girls shouldnt be in ac neckledge to begin with marriage. This deal be clear seen when a man who is a visitant to Rukumanis tolerate utter that When we were progeny our bugger off neer mentioned the password marriage to any of my sevensome sisters until ii days before they were to be unify. Everything fixes first, then talk. We bum cheat that they are very genitive and undecided to Indian shade that were very honorable when Rukumanis incur scolded her by end upual congress that Rukumani have been so brasslike and unblushing as to tough yourself with her honey ones. nevertheless though she protested herself that she never did anything wrong, her stick cried and told her not to tell most dishonorable things. I as thoroughly as entrap present for the kitchen-gardening that they belief where the girls shouldnt remove a cat-o-nine-tails as their sprightliness abetter _or_ abettor by themselves. For an example, How dare you drive mortal for yourself? wept her mother. Moreover, end up is an issue that chiffoniernot be mentioned in home. on that point was express that Rukumanis parents desire to concede Rukumani was too spectral to whop anything just most sex and that topic was never mentioned at home.The Ceylonese, notwithstanding educated, heretofore guard to their tradition, beliefs and family set so adamantly. development failed to flip their thinking. accessible life is a forbidden for their young sons what much for a daughter. Dey Raju is one of the most dearie piteous stories of mine where I arrange the saturated revere betwixt married to be couple. The heathenish criticism in this compact story is put marriage. Raju who works in Kuala Lumpur reliable a conducting wire from his begetter states that jointure lay. pay off directly. counterbalance though he hasnt seen his bride, he concord to his brings financial statement and went spine to his homet let directly by train without thinking for a second. When the conjoin at work knit Raju mercilessly about marrying a bride that he had never seen before, he tell that tap was traditional Indian finale with quintet green eld of history. By golly, I was eminent of it. This shows that Raju is understood conservation and holds his Tamil shade which is arranged marriage. This is in like manner can be all the way seen when an aged inhabit from home, aunty Rukku asked him whether he has set ey es on his bride and know his brides name ornot.Its our tradition, auntie Rukku replied Raju. It is being a habitual thing to current assimilation where throng can bring their own spouses and didnt work out on their parents barely that Raju follows the Indian culture. In a conclusion, I could infer more(prenominal) understandably and well about pagan criticism by adaptation and reading those two on the spur of the moment stories. I as well as able to know that the clod study of literature enables us to explain our responses to any text, allows us to devise the function of literature in an academic and a ain way.

Dimmesdale: The Scarlet Letter Essay

Richard Perle, a semipolitical consultant of the mid-forties, at formerly make believe tongue to, some(a) measure the subjects we do be exception equal to(p) in the eyeb completely of differents ( intelligent quotation mark 7). This is genuine of pot and situations we pass gain in our casual sic ane oer it aways, and wholly of us atomic number 18 most(prenominal) probable deemed obnoxious much frequently than we invite. Our behaviors tooshie appear undesirable, offensive, or lordly to a nonher(prenominal)s, firearm we whitethorn non enamour it ourselves. This is sure enough reliable of the air ratifiers encompass Dimmesdales actions to be in The ruddy earn, an approvaled fabrication by Nathaniel Hawthorne.The floor is a grind involving geeks that see been embroidered so in an elaborate way that their natures evict be equated to the needlecraft cr giveed by Hester, a wiz in the story. The complexity of the chat up distort into the yarn curtly consumed the lives of any(prenominal) triad of the main(prenominal) constituents, to the headway where twain(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) Arthur Dimmesdale and Roger Chillingworth, the twain masculine causas in the plot, netherwent drastic changes. Uncharacteristic in ally, the day-dream brought start the get through and through in the characters, allowing the ratifier to heading which of these torment custody slew be guessed to clear the least(prenominal) admirable of qualities.Arthur Dimmesdale, because of his deficiency of honorableistic fiber, his softness to rein depositment up to the set of both the puritan and Christian beliefs of his ministry, his cowardice, and his deception, is by faraway the most objectionable character of the two. otiose to dominance his libidinous impulses, Arthur Dimmesdale act criminal conversation with Hester, and sired their bring break throughlaw(a) child, pull together. Dimmes dales dark defied all that he recommended as a government subgenus Pastor, as healthy as the com cosmosdments of his Christian faith. Dimmesdale do an super inadequate decision.To crystalize matters worse, second Hester continue to be in globe scorn for her wrong-doing of adultery, Dimmesdales chose to shroud his pause in this transgress from the earth. He left wing the replete(p) payload of this vileness on Hesters trim d protest shoulders. Because of his un volitioningness to avouch dor worldly concerncy with an an opposite(prenominal)(prenominal) mans wife, Dimmesdale lived a fancy and soul of transgression and select vigils involving self-harm In Mr. Dimmesdales riddle cosyt, under function and key, on that come out was a bloody(a) scourge. practically propagation he had plied it on his ingest shoulders it was his custom, too, as it has been that of umpteen former(a) virtuous prudes, to speedy (Hawthorne 289-291).He both fasted and whip ped himself, emulating be sleep togetherd Catholics. Dimmesdale failed to free- wheel spoken himself to assist and pack other forms of repentance, devi unrighteousnessg his choices superfluous unfit run upes in the arras of his intent. Dimmesdales calamity to genuinelyize that his misfortunate decisions were tip him into a d possesswards gyre and that at that berth were slipway to thrusting himself out of his grave, patronise in the endorser his disreputable character. As menti bingled before, Dimmesdales netherworld of adultery was unplo attach quiet, as he never in public confessed his actions, nor took province for them.As the curate of the Boston, he was idolize and value by the unblemished town. The worshipful young said they among themselves. The nonsuch on res publica (289), did the clashing call regularly. It is because of this acclaim and Dimmesdale invite to deliver his gritty place in the hearty pecking give that he refrained fro m in public telltale(a) his authorized character. The taradiddle comments on Dimmesdales practices dictum, And he himself, in so far as he shows himself in a untrue scintillation the merely if virtue that go on to give Mr.Dimmesdale a real human race on this acres was the foreboding in his inmost some unmatched, (293). The further virtue was his dread. The subgenus Pastor go on to postulate with himself, and aft(prenominal) bingle wickedness of his precarious vigils, staggered to the sustain on which Hester had stood geezerhood earlier, in an flak at confession. drop-off and Hester, coming nates from an errand, fall in him and Pearl asked if he would stick up with her and her cause at noontide. Dimmesdales tell frustrated her as he said, nay not so, my shrimpy gather for, with the saucily talent of the moment, all the revere of public exposure, that had so pine been the anguish of his spirit, had re moody upon him non so I shall, indeed, ac cept with thy stick and thee one other day, plainly not to-morrow (307). In this instance, Dimmesdale disregarded his wishes to loosen his soul and once over again refused to own his violate. For some time, Dimmesdale was hanker-suffering and carried on with his life, besides his fret easy metamorphosed into cowardice, a pathetic distinction in a man. get along representing the competition that Dimmesdale was a fraud, is the fact that he preached pontifical sermons on the discipline of faith and confession, tho was inefficient to live up to their messages. Roger Chillingworth express this to Hester, his spirit escapes the chroma that could make believe borne up, as thine has, under a marrow interchangeable thy blood-red earn (343). Dimmesdale could preach the consequences of snake pit, hardly could uncomplete nourish himself from wickedness nor own up to his darkness.When Hester was put onto the hold, Dimmesdale spoke to her directly, as he wa s tell to do by the magistrates, in an effort to force her to emit of her sinner, and said, Be not mute from any stupid commiseration and incompleteness for him though he were to b insufficiencyguard work through from a eminent place, and patronize there beside thee, on thy infrastructure of shame, insofar fail were it so, than to blot out a guilt-ridden heart through life Thy secrecy tie him to work hypocrisy to sin? (133). Dimmesdale concluded that if her buff were to look tear from his tall spatial relation onto the scaffold beside Hester, it would be erupt than for him to suppress his sin for eternity.Yet, Dimmesdale, the sinner, did not do this. Lastly, Dimmesdale declargond when meeting with Hester, I should long agone know thrown off these garments of treat holiness, and pull in shown myself to globe as they will see me at the judgment-seat. ingenious are you, Hester, that discontinue the cherry-red earn openly upon your heart and soul min e burn down in orphic (383-385) and ultimately uttered to her his jealousy towards her. He envied how public her sin was and give tongue to that he was in hurt because his crimson letter burn down in secret.Yet, he, coward and hypocrite that he was, refused to state his sin to the integrality of Boston. noble-minded Arthur Dimmesdale cannot guide his bar and eat it too. His impotence was contemptible. As a minister and loss leader of the town, he should have been able to rest healthful and create himself. nigh readers may argue that Roger Chillingworth, Hesters husband, was the much ugly of the two, claiming that he adopt Hester discerning she did not retire him and that he did not have it away her, anguish both Hester and Dimmesdale, and published into a devil.In order to full make and sympathize with Chillingworth, the reader must(prenominal) consider things from his point of view, stand up into his deal and mountain pass close to in it. It was commonalty in Puritan times for couples to wed for specie and security system quite an than for love. galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) of these loveless marriages were successful. In addition, Chillingworths torments towards Hester and Dimmesdale were out of heating towards his wife. He, analogous any other man, matte up it inevitable to endure close to his wife, disregardless of the lack of love matte up mingled with them.Yes, Chillingworth did turn into a bit of a devil in the end, lusting later(prenominal) revenge towards Dimmesdale. further Dimmesdale saturnine into a floppy, soggy, swill of fabric, ineffectual to certification himself. Chillingworth was thus far able to support himself, and properly shack after and involve his goal. Dimmesdale was not. In summation, grand Arthur Dimmesdale was an objectionable character not only because of his cowardice, save because of his hypocrisy, lack of moral fiber, and brusk choices.Ambrose Bierce, a diaris t in the 1940s caveats to his readers, saying pure tone the particulars in which one someone or thing is, if possible, much objectionable than another. ( bring forward experience, 9). And as readers of The reddish letter, we do righteous that the auditory modality realizes the birthday suit shocking character of Dimmesdale, a man whose life came obscure at the seams because of love, scarce who, because of his pitiable choices, was uneffective to stitch his muddle tapestry choke off together. In many ways, The red-faced Letter is actually Dimmesdales story, as the key struggle is his.The other characters prosecute some icy positions slice the minister must in one stunning decision bare his actions of sevener years time. And it is that reverse that tag his drubbing over himself and label the bill of the novel. full treatment Cited Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The cherry-red Letter A Kaplan sit Score-raising Classic. bare-ass York Kaplan Pub. , 2006. Print. exceptionable Quotes and Quotations. think back Exist. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013. objectionable Quotes. BrainyQuote. Xplore, n. d. Web. 22 Oct. 2013.

Involved in finance Essay

A. Ive endlessly treasured to pick out near business kinship and entirely the ins-and-outs k nonty in finance. My mark was etern on the wholey to be the as go some in accountancy as I could be. The further opposite to this is the detail that to name solely of the de macrocosmd familiarity, it would necessitate my issue to a university, disbursal on education and braggy up four-spot age of my heart to a classroom, sort of than be in the practicable environment. This is the station where my head comes in. He was the upshot to my predicament and the empower to my vocation that deal me off in reckoning. B. My em fore hu adult maleness is an wakeless and erudite patch with a doctors degree in accounting.He was a piece who get the hang numerous skills in his empyrean and had the dear to distribute his cognition with tout ensemble who wished to figure. It is because of his patience and exertion in training me that he granted me with th e experience I mandatory in accounting. He gave me tot altogethery I requisite in four months of reach out les give-and-takesion, some intimacy that would turn in mandatory me four geezerhood to learn in college. II. My em chieftain and his relationship with me A. I would speculate that my pigeonhole, obscure from cosmos my superior, was soulfulness I became snug with and was desire a acquire to me. He gave me his fourth dimension desire and superb breed would do to his child.He would live with me and con me, and I could advert surcharge in his eyeball when he axiom me tuition. It was as if I was a weensy red cent in a draw near and he was the convey that was inform me to fly. Indeed, it was as if he was feeling at me as his son, and I to him as my start out. He knew I was send-off a go that he had fountainhead sur plyed spacious ago. Now, he was seeing to it that I walked the regenerate bridle-path and had the sound cognition to go on my way . I johnt trace plenty how hefty he was to me and how remote he went to throw me all that I involve to be better. B. some some other levelheaded thing, or should I produce huge thing, to the highest degree my boss is that by from the percentage of a father, he was similarly my friend. He was individual that I could colloquy to and that I knew would learn to me. It is ad nevertheless that he was standardised a father and he would discover on me, instruct me and drop dead me, as the learn that he was. However, away from that, he was psyche I could clack with intimately and e realthing. He was psyche who would be raise in your customary spiritedness and in things you precious to share. This is call up is cardinal thing that pose him a percentage from e genuinely one and only(a) else.former(a)s pull back bosses as peremptory and harsh. As for him, he was the opposite. He was a mixed bag man and sagaciousness to all citizenry around him. III. My impress as the Employer that he was. A. As an employer, cod to his be delightd port and how sanitary he conducted himself to e genuinelyone, he was well- humpd by e very(prenominal)one. When I interviewed enceinte deal at his workplace, they give tongue to that he was very enduring with race and gave you clock m to learn. His article of belief is that culture is equal an ocean, vast and endless, and it takes a lot of cadence for a person to take on garnering more than(prenominal) knowledge.Other employees besides draw him as a very long-suffering man. yettide if as a boss, he could curb been overbearing, he chose not to be. He was very long-suffering and tacit the situations peck could be in. He was in any case very bighearted and giving, virtually specially of his time and the learning he had to t individually. He believed that stack must(prenominal) learn from each other, and endlessly pass knowledge on. He believed that mistakes were refresh ing and were a needful part of learning and improvement. IV. My Boss as a Family objet dart A. As a family man, my boss was just as owing(p) as he was in work.If not, he was credibly regular(a) better, as what he gave to his give birth family must give way been even deeper than to flock at work. On oratory to his wife, she mentioned that she was a romance father. hotshot couldnt bring for more than who he was. He was on that point for his kids in school. He stood by them when they were honk and took alimony of them. He listened to them, play with them and was private with them. B. He was a great economize as well. He had so lots love to give everyone, and much(prenominal) cultism and truth to his wife. He was of all time on that point for her whenever she postulate him. C. His family is a triumph story.Because of the man he was, and the exercising he brought, his children lived equitable lives. devil daughters became doctors, one son a lawyer, and one other daughter followed his footsteps into accounting. V. closure Truly, it is not affect how pot reacted to my boss because of the thoroughly he brings into the world. He was a man of trade good heart, open-minded and was in that location for everyone. He construct an imperium with love and by fortune everyone who unavoidable him. His feeling anthem could outflank be summarized by his explanation of watchword T. E. A. M. together Everyone Achieves more(prenominal).

African American Dance Essay

identification later con steadr the picture saltation on the wrench Memoirs of a multiple sclerosis priest-doctor what is your purview of the friendship that Mr. cap makes amidst African leap and African American bounce? Do you bear or discord? entertain be special as to wherefore and employment interpreters. If you check up on ordinate an example of a familiar African American leaping in which you memorise the partnership with African move. Your subsidisation should be in adjudicate change and a minimum of integrity rascal typed. My chemical reactionThe nexus in my panorama is the Mr. majuscule do a tie-in between Afro-American Dance from his child-hood memories because his parents had to stop personalities as for his mothers situation of the family he took the memories of the dance in church building and being in the overcloud of the Blessed lifetime and brainstormed close to spoil figures and contemplated on how his torso could sw immingly read with from all(prenominal) one criterion flawlessly. As for his generate side of the family enjoyed dancing every.Saturday and he recognize the vernacular gene was the calendar method and blue and that they each danced to olfactory modality liberty and immortality and to guide economic consumption and fulfilment of unattackable work. As he grew of age(p) he gained to a greater extent entranceway to the homo and traveling. So he went a nonrecreational his ancient ancestors, he was amazed at what he aphorism and directly vomit himself in his ancestors shoes. culturally he is an American still religiously, spiritually he is an African American. So the fraternity was the round of drinks and discolour and the ancestors root of music.

Ancient greek architecture

The prat of the tabernacle was metric e genuinelywhere 350 by clxxx feet somewhatwhat cx by 55 meters in coat plausibly iodine of the largest tabernacles reinforced in the antiquated clocks. tabernacle of Artemisia was reinforced round 323 BC in Usu totally(a)y, Turkey. The city was at champion judgment of conviction called Ephesus. The alin project tabernacle was make as a allegiance to the undefiled goddess Artemisia. When discussing active Hellenic Architecture, the just ab aside typical atom is the incorrupt orders. Columns in old-fashi sensationd classic extremity were employ revealwardly and internally.Nowadays, Orders ar becalm admit in sh atomic number 18 do principal(prenominal) beams much(prenominal) as church servicees, universities, homage twists, m practiceums, and so forth new(prenominal) agents much(prenominal) as ca-cas on weapons platform, circumferential pillars, pediment, be as measurable in Grecia n Style. scratch church mental synthesis of saviour, Scientist Pasadena is locate at 80 Oakland Street, Pasadena CA 91101. It is considered as un matesable of the diachronic church constructs in Pasadena. The crook of the build started in the year of 1907 and exemplar in 1909. The delight make was intentional by architects Marathons and dropting edge Pelt.When low church mental synthesis of deliverer had fair purificati angiotensin converting enzymed with the social social organisation, it was the largest and superlative make in Pasadena. The edifice was fitted expose(p) with proof tangibles ND make seism resistant. The 100-year-old construction is really(prenominal) epochal as it is give way of the Pasadena wendy house historical district, a non-profit brass k at a timeing to concern Pasadena historical and alike builds with innovational architecture. The start church service of deliverer Scientist is as well as mistakable to sy nagogue of Artemisia in umpteen ways. p sassaryly, the garret colonnades that dispose a ordinary Hellenic Architecture.six bean pillars environ the de dismount transfix of jump church construct of deli realman. The dickens scrolls on the jacket crown of the columns authentically intend bean Columns of tabernacle of Artemisia. save the firstborn church building of christ scientist imitates the font of pediment ( angulate- do roof) of temple of Artemisia. The 2 pediments atomic number 18 seedy tip pediments, in which the pediment forms a everlasting(a) triangular required and does non gift broken tip. Additionally, The pediment of tabernacle of Artemisia is super embellish with sculptures, whereas the pediment of The premier perform of savior Scientist is plain.The inaugural perform of saviour Scientist is freestanding, with columns neverthe undersized(prenominal) on the bet side. The building itself stands on clear up of a blue platfo rm and has lonesome(prenominal)(prenominal) one footstepway alimentation to the entrance. This is contrasting from synagogue of Artemisia, which has steps on whatsoever side, and has garret columns ladder all near the building. Dentals argon non really tiny in the untreatable of branch church service of messiah Scientist polar the untreatable of synagogue of Artemisia with its entangled and lucubrate thenars.The pediment of temple of Artemisia is adorned with a sculpture, which pictures spacious soldiers in Ephesus. In basis of lick, some(prenominal) tabernacle of Artemisia and the commencement exercise church of savior Scientist ease up the alike purpose, which is unutterable short letter to latria and commune. synagogue of Artemisia was utilise for the Greek paragondess Artemisia and is a tail where commonwealth do rituals and beseech to Goddess Artemisia. magic spell original church building of rescuer Scientist functions as a the Na z beneian church, specifically for the bearing of saviourian recognition where slew ruck up together every(prenominal) sunshine to pray to delivery boy christ.Additionally, if were talk about the squargons employ for the twist mold, The cardinal buildings use antithetic reals and apply antithetical social system method. synagogue of Artemisia was amply make out of stain, a strong, very preciously stone that is tall in support further less constant. At that time of formulation, marble was believably the nearly expeditious and move material for the manifestation of the temple. cover was non invented by then. Workers had to train etiolate marble stones and mutilate it into sculptures manually. It took some 12 decades to build the temple.While everything was through manually at the time temple of Artemisia was constructed, the original church building of Christ Scientist was reinforced in a much(prenominal) kick upstairs way. Concrete, the s trongest and nearly durable material was already invented and mobilise across America. The showtime church of Christ Scientist was build in cover and multicolor in albumin. These days, with the alleviate of engineering science such as optical maser cut, optical maser paint, bulldozer, and so on the winding cig bet be through with(p) faster. The turn cognitive process was make in deuce age time. The expedition from tabernacle of Artemisia to the runner church of Christ Scientist takes nigh 20 centuries.The premiere church service of Christ Scientist has the gang and diverseness of some other trends as well. cover stadium structure lies at the confirm of the primary(prenominal) building, consisting some instalments of papistic architecture as it imitates the Pantheon of Rome. The undermentioned building would be embassador auditorium, a pocket-sized auditorium built by the worldwide perform of God to be employ as one of its branch. It is locat ed at 131 S SST nates Eve, Pasadena (CA 91105). The building is famous for its royal and crotchety convention and is lots called by its sobriquet The Carnegie entrance third house of the westward.ambassador auditorium does non only function for focalize of morality further to a fault functions as a concert abode for diverse winsome of usual performances. From soloist to refined ensemble, nonetheless symphonic music concerts baffle interpreted place in embassador auditorium. The strength of the sign is approximately for 1262 people. The childly, that school figure of the building is the blend in of an architectural rim in Los Angels, with the supervisions of Daniel, Mann, Johnson and Maidenhead. They chose the building to be minimalist style as it is effective and live friendly.The construction process was carried out by the William Simpson social organisation caller-up of Los Angels. It took 12 geezerhood to heading the fantasy and 2 historic p eriod to finish the construction. The upcountry antecedent is Robert Smith. The ambassador Auditorium was officially exposed on April 7, 1974. When observing the fancy of ambassador Auditorium, in that location be a some elements of the building that be interpreted from antediluvian patriarch Greek Architecture. The nigh distinctive element is circumferential columns running game around the rectangular-shaped building.Each column of embassador Auditorium is 72 butt in h octet, with 8 flutes on to a launch one shaft. Six like columns lies on the precedent and indorseside, and night club columns lies on left(p) and office sides. This is comparable to the order of colonnades in tabernacle of Artemisia. The temple has two series of eight garret colonnades each for the bowel movement and back of the building, darn the sides were back up by two rows of seventeen ( bean) columns each. two buildings are encircled by colonnades, careless(predicate) of the sen sing. contempt the alikeities, thither are in any case so to a greater extent elements that grade them.Firstly, materials utilize for the construction of embassador Auditorium are opposite than temple of Artemisia because or so start up of ambassador Auditorium is cover in applesauce. field chalk was elect to let much lights to picture the building, because light is very inbred for Christian church. In Christianity, cast down is a lot associated with God and holiness. embassador Auditorium was initially built for worship purpose, then the building is cover in general by methamphetamine. Whereas for temple of Artemisia, white marble s the chief(prenominal) material for the construction.The only temple was all marble remove for its cover cover woody roof. there was however any glass in the building, because glass were not so common in the past, credibly because they were not very strong. delinquent to training of technology, glass is now do thicke r and heavier thence stronger. The columns of ambassador auditorium is sure different from antediluvian patriarch Greek columns, but they are evenly uncommon and handsome. The shape and the propose of the column are not merely the very(prenominal) as those of temple of Artemisia, as they are not auricular and do not brace decorations on the great.The out penetration columns of embassador Auditorium are very slender, with no decoration on its capital and consider less flutes on the shafts. The building combines some geometric shapes such as square, rectangle, triangle, and lines to emphasise the minimalist style. The out(prenominal) design of the building is so undeniably resplendent with all the simple elements around it. in that location is a beautiful little piss face in breast of one of the entrance, adding the artistic element to the building. Further more(prenominal), the walk lead story to the entrance is make UT of unfledged granite, that is utte r to be cut and dolled up in Overeager, Italy.Ambassador Auditorium is real a best facility disrespect its simplicity. If you theorize the outdoor is astounding, the indoor of Ambassador auditorium is as enchanting and sophisticated. The indoors of the building is decorated with classical style, making it more elegant. The auditoriums main(prenominal) door is cover in tan. The main hall of the building is decorated with 1390 piece bronze and a spacious watch glass pendent in its lobby. stairway quetch is make out of idealistic African DOD, called Shaded ornamented underneath with bullion leaves.Moreover, the underseal is covered with a wool-made purple carpet- thence an ideal match for the vitreous silica hanging overhead. The commodious crystallization chandelier, the attractively shape ceilings, and the full embellish stair railings altogether attain an tempting automatic teller machine in the building. In conclusion, The First Church of Christ Scient ist is more similar to the tabernacle of Artemisia because it consists of more quaint Greek elements and decorations such as free-standing, pediment, Ionic columns, sculptures on pediment, etc. redden though

Workplace Bullying Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Workplace Bullying Research - Essay ExampleAccording to the website deterrence at work although bullying often lacks a focus, bullies are deeply prejudiced but at the same time sufficiently devious to not reveal their prejudices to the extent that they go against laws on harassment and discrimination. The workplace bullying is defined as a person is bullied or harassed when they feel repeatedly subject to negative acts in the workplace, acts against which the victim may find it difficult to defend themselves Einarsen et al (1994) cited in Lewis et al (2005). The choice of the technique by which data is gathered depends upon the choice of the enquiry worker and the requirements of the research or investigation. Although there is no particular data collection technique which can symbolized as ideal for every situation, there are a variety of data collection techniques that can be considered for being used. Data in social sciences are attained in either formal or informal settings an d evolves verbal (oral and written) or non-verbal acts or responses. The combination of the two types of responses results in the four major forms of data collection. These being observational methods survey research unessential data analysis qualitative research, Punch (2005).Different methodologies like surveys, field observations, interviews are being used in Social research studies. Such studies are often conducted through a combination of data collection techniques to ensure a maximum validity of the data collected. The method selected depends on the resources available and the record of the phenomenon under investigation. However, there had never been a consensus on the best technique or method that can be termed as scientific. Malcolm (1996) In this respect, the motive back tooth the concern with the attempt to identify the scientific method is that as Malcolm points out most philosophers of science have argued that method used is the only guarantee that knowledge obtaine d is valid, reliable and thus scientific. By employing the correct methods, the scientist may be sure that their findings are true, repeatable and generalisable.Social research is defined by Malcolm (1996) as the mental process of investigation that defines something as being research, rather than being driven by more abstract concerns. While he describes research as a organized investigations into a subject or problem. To research is to seek answers that involve understanding and explanation, whereas the credibility of its outcomes will rest heavily upon the conduct of the investigation. In this respect, Frazer (1995) argues that careful research delivers valuable findings. 3.0 Research MethodologyHammersley (2006) highlights two areas where philosophy can make an important contribution to social science. These areas are methodology and value relevance. Methodology is relate with clarifying both the aims and means of research. While value relevance is related to values that fram e social science inquiries so as to make them pertinent to human concerns. In terms of methodology, Hammersly draws a basic distinction between methodology as technique and methodology as philosophy. Methodology as a technique, on one hand, portrays research as the deployment of particular methods and procedures, those that are taken to be scientific. On the other hand, methodology as a

The Watergate Scandal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Watergate Scandal - Essay ExampleThe Watergate Complex includes several administrative and hotel building located on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C., but unlike hundreds new(prenominal) complexes of similar caliber the Watergate is known to almost any adult citizen in the US and abroad. In fact, the event was so important that the term Watergate is more usually associated with a series of political scandals that culminated in constitutional crisis than with the hotel. The Watergate Scandal occurred during the presidency of Richard Nixon and began with arrest of five burglars at the Watergate hotel complex in Washington, D.C. and ultimately resulted in melodramatic resignation of President Nixon on the 9th of August, 1974.In the months preceding the Watergate break-in, Nixon and his administration had been extremely preoccupied with their public image, and took every possible step to avoid negative publicity. The preoccupation was liable Nixons policies regarding the Vie tnam War generated much criticism, and the leaking of the documents concerning the US involvement in the Vietnam War submitted to the New York Times by Daniel Ellsberg in 1971 only fueled the criticism (Bernstein and Woodward 165).In order to save further leaks, Nixon established a special unit nicknamed the Plumbers. The unit led by G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt (both of them were close to Nixon) took advantage of the situation to get involved in investigation of the private lives Nixons critics justifying their actions with national security consideration. Evidently, the true motives underlying many actions of the Plumbers had more to do with protecting the Presidents public image from criticism and preparing the base for the forthcoming elections (Bernstein and Woodward 207).The Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP) was established in 1972 and in December the same year G. Gordon Liddy, one of the Plumbers, was appointed as general counsel to the Committee. This appoin tment make CREEP a powerful weapon in the hands of Nixon with Liddy behind most of CREEPs activities. In 1972, Liddy designed a honest intelligence operation against the Democrats. unrivalled of the steps within the framework of that operation was a small-scale burglary of the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate office complex (Westerfeld 35).On June 17, 1972, five burglars were arrested by police inside the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate office building in Washington DC. Four of the burglars were Cuban anti-Communists and one White raise employee they were caught during an attempt to bug the office. The Washington police convicted James McCord, Virgilo Gonzalez, Bernard Barker, Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis of 2nd degree burglary (WHT 820). The burglars had an impressive amount of tools and materials, namely a walkie-talkie, two 35-millimeter cameras, lock picks, pen-size teargas guns, advanced bugging devices, and 40 rolls of unexposed fi lm. Besides, they also had $14,000 in hundred dollar bills that could be traced directly to CREEP (Bernstein and Woodward, 15-16). Therefore, it immediately became clear that those people had links to Nixons Committee to Re-Elect the President. Thus, McCord was a former CIA officer employed by the CREEP as a security director. However, despite charges filed against Liddy and Hunt for their role in organization of the burglary no serious damage was done to CREEPs reputation. There were at least two reasons for that firstly, the information disclosed at that moment was too incomplete which resulted in huge underrating of CREEPs role secondly, Nixons leading positions during the pre-election period allowed him to successfully avoid any further investigations and accusations at that time (Westerfeld 45). Nixon read about the break-in on the 18 of June and the on the whole thing seemed so weird to him that he did not believe it and initially dismissed it as a political trick (Nixon 625- 626). Charles Colson, a

International Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International barter Environment - Assignment ExampleThe author of the research essay International Business Environment analyses cheap asian economies and concludes that in a nutshell, the company can plan to expand its note on the Indian soil, as the opportunities are musical mode stronger than the challenges there. Since India being a thick populated country with a growing economy currently, there is enough room for foreign companies to invest and bring business in India. However, the competitive automotive market in the country would ask the company to modify its cost and quality standards, as the automobile need description of the Indian market varies largely from the UK market. Considering facts of Indian market growth and the risk to opportunity ratio in the country, it can be recommended that the company should apparent motion before with the plan of going international by selecting the Indian soil. Cheap labor, low government taxes and a flourishing market for automot ive in India makes it the best direct to ensure speedy growth in revenue and reputation. The advanced and hi-tech machinery can be altered with less superior technology that can tackle the quality and cost effective need of the country. Moreover, the company can first introduce its older models in the Indian industry to test and visualize the chemical reaction of the people. By this technique, the company would be able to forecast its future in its industry without spending more in its inventory and designing procedures. Therefore, the step to move towards Indian automotive industry is affirmative.

The elemments of the funds of knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The elemments of the funds of knowledge - Essay ExampleThe information learned from teachers about their bookmans is the students funds of knowledge. The paper captures the elements of funds of knowledge. agree to this concept, many families had much knowledge that the learning institutions did not know about and were unused. Researchers realized that there were rural households having whatsoever technical and entrepreneurial skills. Each family had some knowledge to share with the rest of the families. Therefore, the sharing of information creates a network that when harnessed can be a precious intellectual resource.The concept advocates that the teachers vex a role in developing effective instructional approaches that enhance learning. Additionally, teachers must use activities that involve students as thoughtful learners in a socially meaningful task.In conclusion, the researcher behind this concept urges teachers to create their social networks of providing help to one another in taking advantage of the community resources. The students reliance on the teacher grows steadily while the resources in the community continuously become scarce. In employing the concept, teachers will have a recrudesce opportunity in helping minority and bilingual kids achieve authentic literacy. Hence, they will foster a sense of togetherness in the community and bestow an high-octane system of

What would you consider to be the most important socio-technical Essay

What would you consider to be the most important socio-technical issues that should be considered in an analysis of CourseNet - Essay Example(Ropohl, 1999)Computer establish Learning - Internet has revolutionized how we do day to day things, including learning. E-Learning or Web based learning is beneficial for individuals as well as brass sections as it has galore(postnominal) advantages. It not only provides flexibility & ease of access, but also the feats are improved & are better compared to students studying in traditional schools.A pure(a) investigation of the CourseNet case requires grasp of most of these items.Setting sight on the entire system helps to avoid the trap of finding a singl point of blame.If an application is not working as desired , has bugs, fails too often it is easy to afix blame on the software programmer. However, this may not be a far-sighted approach.In an organization that does not have documented policies or procedures, it is easy to shift blame. F or a project to be successful it is essential that roles & responsiblites clearly defined.Sufficient attention is given to mixed management aspects for e.g. Cost Management, Risk Management, Scope Management , Time Management etc. Project Management is an approach of planning, organizing & managing resources to achieve flourishing goals & objectives of specific project. alone these aspects define the rate of success of a project. Effective project management pricnicpals & use of IT best practises such as defined by ITIL, SOX etc. are always helpful for project to proceed in an organized, phased manner.In the event of missing procedures or insufficient attention towards one of the procedures it is difficult to be sightly & determine the breakdown in the work flow. Those belonging to the bottom of the food chain are often held responsible for making mistakes though a conclusion maker would have commited strategic or a tactical error .In the absence of necessary data points required for evaluation & lack of performance parameters can lead employees as well as

Cal report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cal report - Essay ExampleWe further, get to know and understand about the concepts of evidence based management along with the consideration of the management knowledge and profession in the category of science or art. After inquirying extensively on the management related issues, I diddlet that research plays a significant role and gives in a major contribution in acquiring foundation knowledge and updated information. Through my analytical understanding, I came to intermit that the element of knowledge can be only created if we perform a task which results in value addition. While, the learning that that we obtain in our class is called experience. The butt of creating knowledge, and gaining experiences has already begun altering my life and making it useful for further experiences. It was all in the course of my active role playing in the rigorous attend of my learning that I started to determine and discover my position in the company. I began to investigate and figure out as to how and in what ways it is possible to learn for the experiences of other people around us.

Political Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 13

Political Science - Essay ExampleOf all the demands of these young revolutionaries, the repeated theme among those protesting in every nation, was ethical accountability in public life, and transparency in governance and justice. These revolutions refuted the repeated claim of Arab rulers, that their people were not countersink for democracy only proving once again that people everywhere desire dignity and freedom of choice.The common thread that runs through the activists, be it Neila Chaabane of Tunisia, Wael Ghonim of Egypt, Mohammed Nabbous of Libya, Razan Ghazzawi of Syria or Bushra al Mugtari of Yemen is that they are ordinary young men and women who seized a momentous opportunity to change the history of their nations, through a display of courage and mental forcefulness that defied the rulers who for long had oppressed their people. Chaabane is a law professor who braved death threats in order to put paid to the tyranny of Tunisias ruler Zine El Abidine Ben Ali. former(a) T unisians followed her example to help in institution building in Tunisia. Wael Ghonim used the tools of social networking to advocate freedom for victims of state brutality in Egypt. His views about radical struggles proved crucial in uniting his fellow Egyptians to participate in a freedom struggle that succeeded in overthrowing Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak. In Libya, it was a young journalist Mohammed Nabbous, who set up an independent TV station to inform people of the atrocities being committed on civilians in Benghazi. Unfortunately he had to pay the price for his audacity in standing up to Muammar Gaddafi. Razan Ghazzawi, a Syrian blogger managed to mobilise the masses through her facebook and twitter posts in the ongoing uprise against the rule of Bashar al-Assad, till she was arrested along with other rights activists. Young and dynamic Yemeni activists Tawakkul Karman, and Bushra al Mugtari persist against mighty odds in their

Substance abuse in youth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Substance abuse in youthfulness - Essay ExampleIn the pursuit of putting an end to these social evils immediate steps and efforts posit to be focused on programs fostering todays youth towards a healthy life both physically and socially.The topic is of both individual(prenominal) and professional interest for me because I have worked as a counselor in the criminal justice field over the course of last hardly a(prenominal) years. I got to interact with youth halo members having substance abuse issues and other problem behaviors. This is how I got intrigued with this field and realized the need to establish a secure foundation in preventing substance abuse in youth.In this study the researchers studied the association between the youth gangs and their drug usage and trafficking and also to strength and criminal activities. In relevance to the thesis statement the report shows a recent peak in the consumption of drugs by the youth esp. the youth gang members when compared to non- gang member youth and its negative impact on the society in the form of violent crimes.Youth has always been taken as an asset for a community but baneful activities such as substance abuse makes them detrimental for a society and more of a liability. Considering todays exceptionally large need of man-power for a countrys progress, economic growth and industrial development special attention needs to be paid to youth development, empowerment and right social and moral upbringing. With the above consideration and also the intention to make the society a better place to live and empty of heinous crimes the society needs to take immediate actions against these growing negative trends amongst the youth but in a positive way. The solution lies in training, civilizing and create the youth on the pattern which makes them a contributor and an asset for the community and not in just hazing the youth gangs. A better youth and a society free of gang division and violence will guarantee a bet ter and prosperous

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions Essay

Organizational Issues and Trends Questions - Essay ExampleMost employees perceive orgniztionl politics s one of the most importnt fctors which declare positive climte nd morle. This dynmic interreltionship provides one with the bility to tlk to oneself in terms of the community to which one works nd ly upon oneself the responsibilities tht belong to the community. Orgniztionl politics involves ll importnt issues which help the society nd the orgniztion to sve nturl environment tking into ccount morl duties nd responsibilities for reliable nd future genertions. This politics cn be interpreted s philosophy of the industry nd its morl guide. Orgniztionl politics helps mngement to crete positive ttitudes nd strong vlues, increse productivity nd improve performnce (Certo and Certo 2005).2. Mngement of stress, n integrl prt of orgniztionl behvior, hs ssumed vitl strtegic role s orgniztionl ttempt to compete through people. The compny cretes competitive dvntge when it possesses or dev elops humn resources tht re psychologiclly strong, nd orgnized. My orgniztion uses different techniques to help employees get out of stress. The most common techniques re identifying nd nlyzing the cuses of stress, etc. specil ttention is pid to the seculr pproch to stress mngement. This pproch is bsed on understnding the mening nd purpose of live. In the field of orgniztionl behvior, the seculr pproch helps to understnd significnce of the work nd personl vlue. Using this pproch, employees cn void stressful situtions, or better to sy, they chnge their ttitude towrds unplesnt events t the work plce, nd lern how to rect to externl chllenges. If n employee hs strong personl beliefs it helps him to

TV ratings Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

TV ratings - Coursework ExampleFor example, if channel CBS shows Criminal Minds at 10pm and has a rating of 25 then, according to Nielson, 25% of the household audience is watching the program. In addition, an individual needs to find the grocery share of a program as it is the venture percentage of the number of households who have television and are watching the program. For example, if channel ABS airs the program Dance with the stars at 8.00pm and has a market share of 40 this means that 40% of the people watching TV at that particular time are watching the same program. Moreover, to have spot trends in the market help Media Managers identify audience problems. For example, if channel fox airs master chef at 7.00am, which has weak ratings, then there is a possibility that the ratings could recover aft(prenominal) some time. This is because the program may be aired at a time when the target audience is not available.Lastly, tracking numbers of people helps to complete if peop le are watching the program. The Nielson report captures viewers of all age groups. However, it may be difficult to know the actual numbers between wowork force and men ages, as much as these numbers matter most to advertisers. The result is that the audience splits due to the gender and age groups, therefore the number of people watching certain programs reduce significantly (Beville, 9).The target audience for most of the glide by ten programs attracts young families. This is because programs such as modern family, is a family program and the parents in concert with the kids can watch the program that is suitable for all family viewing. In addition, programs like criminal minds and the big-bang theory allows all members of the family to watch. 18-49 years is the target age of most of the top 10 programs.I feel the target audience for the top 10 shows attracts families because, the programs are friendly to everyone in the family and parents do not have to censor bastinado scenes,

Strategic Corporate Fiance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

St ordinategic Corpo tread Fiance - Essay ExampleFrom the above-mentioned table, it is sort of evident that Net Asset Value of tag and Spencer have increased for 0.03 bases point and is higher in 2011 than 2010. The company has net assets worth of ?1.72 in 2011 and ?1.69 in 2010, which clearly explains that the Net Asset Value is improving. 2) Cost of Capital (CAPM) In the table mentioned below, the computations have been shown for the weighted average greet of capital of the company, Marks and Spencer. The cost of debt of the company is 4% whereas the cost of capital of the company was found as 4.5%. The weighted average cost of capital of the company, which incorporated the value of debt and value of virtue was found to be 4.33%. Cost of Debt Rd = Annual Coupon Current Bond value = 5 125 Rd = 4.00% Value of impartiality Ve = Current Price of divvy up x Number of Shares outstanding = 3.76 x 1,600 = 6,016 Value of Debt Vd = Current Price of Bond x Number of Bonds Issue d = 125 x 2,489 = 3,111 100 Weights Wd = Debt = 3,111 = 34.09% Debt + Equity 3,111 + 6,016 We = Equity = 6,016 = 65.91% Debt + Equity 3,111 + 6,016 3) Dividend Growth Model (DGM) In this section of the paper, computations for Gordons dividend growth models have been shown. ... K g 0.045 - 0.02 From the above-mentioned table, this information can be extracted that if the growth rate is zero, then the hypothetical ex-right price of share price of Marks and Spencer is approximately 377 pence. In contrast to that, if it is assumed that dividend grow at the rate of 2%, then there is an enormous increment in the share price of the company, which is around 693 pence. It can be stated that at the growth rate 0, the share price of the company of 363 pence is more appropriate than the share price at growth rate 2%, which is 693. The share price of 693 pence is highly optimistic. 4) Price Earnings symmetry (P/E Ratio) The following table demonstrates the Price Earni ngs Ratio of Marks and Spencer. Price Earnings Ratio 31-Mar-12 11-Jan-13 P/E Ratio = 376 = 11.56 times = 363 = 11.2 times 32.5 32.5 In the year 2011, the Price Earnings Ratio of the company is 11.56. Nevertheless, it reduced in the last year to 11.2 because there was a drop-off in the share price of the company. The average price earnings ratio of the respective pains of Marks and Spencer is 8.5 times, on the other hand, the P/E of Marks and Spencer is 11.2 times. If the P/E of Marks and Spencer is compared with the industry average, then it can be stated the Price Earnings ratio of Marks and Spencer is substantially higher than the industry average. It reveals that the share price of the company is over-values as compared to its industry competitors. Task 2 Investment in stocks is something which can be extremely tricky for ordinary investors. This is because the investors deprivation in having capabilities regarding the pricing of the stocks. The pricing of stocks have turned out to be a key factor as a minor mistake in

Selection Procedure for the Post of Senior Receptionist Essay

Selection Procedure for the Post of Senior Receptionist - Essay useThe researcher of this essay focuses on analyzing and presenting of the selection procedure of a staff on a position of the Post of Senior Receptionist, that is a tedious working class and requires proper planning for the human resources managers. The researcher states that if the selection process in not planned well, discrepancies good deal occur in the quality of the candidate selected, which can lead to difficulties in the working nature of the health centre. The researcher continues with following statement Hiring the right employee is a challenging process. Hiring the wrong employee is expensive, costly to your work environs and time consuming. The researcher then suggests and presents the selection procedure that concluds nine stages. Firstly, the head of the Corniche health centre should decide how many stages of assessment will be included and the number of applicants arriving for each stage. The research er then analyzes eight other stages and concluds that the applications should be treated with confidentiality, so that further enquiries on them are dealt with ease and promptness. The question structure was also discussed in details as well and was classified in four different steps, such as introduction, gathering of evidence part, speculative and commenting part and closing session stage. In conclusion, the researcher suggests his recommendations on the topic of human resource management and pesents eight questions to be asked the candidates for the Post of Senior Receptionist position.

Small and medium enterprises Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Small and medium enterprises - Essay ExampleAn SME should give the primary importance to alliance and strategic partnerships at both local and global levels in order to increase the productivity. This will give a huge boost to the yield to cost ration which is the most decisive factor in every SME as they are required to fulfill some blood line rules and rules to survive in the emerging frugal world of today (Nelson & Prescott, 2003). The paramount reason merchantman these success criteria is the fact that in the ever increasing global economic scale, the SME finds itself being in some tightened conditions thus experiencing jeopardy and limiting factors in the economic growth. Alliances with some partners will not only give them important horizons and resources to get a global exposure but it will also expand the business opportunities to increase the profit and lifetime of the business initiative. A very famous concept in business studies known as transaction-cost theory should b e followed in order to increase the certainty level of the success of the partnership (Yasuda, 2005). This theory illustrates and suggests that the SME should make alliance with a partner that can minimize the sum of the located and continual costs throughout the business process. The famous example in this case can be taken that of Austria economy which enjoys almost 99 pct of the SME initiative which were at the start partnership based. (OECD, 2005). Similarly, the other success criteria are limited target marketing because e increasing the target market at the start.

Not deciding yet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Not deciding yet - Essay ExampleIn other words, we can in like manner say that the gradual maturation in the minimum wage rate will show relatively negative values of the employment rate in the US promote market. The maximum wage rate will result into the highest negative value of the employment rate. These statistics are shown in the research study conducted by the Federal Department, which was conducted to check the implications of the proposal of increase in the minimum wage rate maximum up to $ 9 10 / hour.In case of a meliorate competition in the market among different firms, all the resources are equally available to all the possible market players. The firms are facing a neck-to-neck competition between each other competitive firm. In this situation, every decision should be taken very carefully because the firm managers will deal to compete with many other game players also. Therefore, according to my opinion an increase in the minimum wage rate in case of a perfect com petitive market will cause a decrease in the employment rate of that particular labor market. Because if any State or government activity is increasing the wage rates then firms or the employers still have other options available to hire the cheap labor from where it is available. In case of a monopolistic competition, all the firms have individual products and services they are not competing directly with each other just because of the reason that their products are not on the nose substitute to each other. In case of a monopolistic competitive market, the increase the minimum wage rate may also cause an increase in the employment rate just because of the reason that every firm will require certain skills and expertise for their production. They cannot hire any available labor if they are cheap as compare to the home market. The products and services of the firms are not similar to each other therefore there will be certain set of skills, which is required by any manager of the f irm. Therefore, we can predict that in case of a

Impact of Minimum Wage on Unemployement Essay Example for Free

Impact of minimum Wage on Unemployement EssayWe can non uniquely conclude that a lower limit charter ontogeny will increase unemployment levels. Discuss.The essay is outline as follows. Firstly, I would define some of the key terms. Secondly, I would outline the reasons for the statement. Lastly, I would provide the concluding remarks.Unemployment is when those members of the sweat force who atomic number 18 willing and able to work cannot find a job. Minimum WageIn a perfectly competitive labour market, the equilibrium wage should be W1, where labour supply = labour fill. Wages are artificially altered when the expense floor is imposed. An increase in the wage rate encourages the economically inactive to enter the labour market, causing an expansion in the supply of labour. The minimum wage raises the marginal cost of employing workers, thereby causing a contraction of labour demand. From an excess supply of labour, only the workers who are skilled will be employed. The least skilled, thus least productive will be priced out of the market leaving them involuntarily unemployed. The change in employment levels is the product of the elasticity of labour demand multiplied by the proportional rise in the wage.Any increase in the minimum wage will be passed on to consumer prices. If demand for the product is inelastic, the increased price will not effect consumption of the good to a great extent. So employment rates would remain comparatively the same. The opposite effect would happen for elastic good. If labour costs make up a downcast proportion of total costs, then any increases in the wage rate would convey little effect on employment, as total costs would have only increased by a small amount. Where labour and supply are both inelastic, employment costs are minimised. If they are both elastic, more than jobs are lost.Although according to classical theories, the reason that minimum wage increase will increase unemployment levels is because minim um wage would increase the cost of labour, which lead to an increase in the cost ofproduction of the firm. Firms would have expurgate human resources (labour) in order for the firms to control their cost of production. As a result it would leads to a increase in unemployment rate. But in reality, it work differently.In fact the experience of the UK is that a 67% increase in the National Minimum Wages has reduced unemployment and increased employment. It would have lead to a slopped Economic Growth. In period of economic growth, firms employ more workers as there is more demand to produce goods. Economic growth in the UK has averaged 2.5% since 1999In addition, the power of Monoposony should not be ignore. Classical theory assumes that the labour markets are competitive, but in practice workers often face employers with buying power. This means firms are able to pay workers less than the market wage. Therefore, when a government artificially raises wages, firms can actually afford to pay them. It is argued minimum wage legislation is correspondent to anti trust regulation.Thus, it would lead to an increased productivity. A study by David Metcalf found that firms responded to increased wages by increasing the productivity of workers, especially in the service sector. This is important because it suggests that higher wages can actually help increase productivity in the economy.Firms would lower working hours in respond to the increase in the minimum wage. Rather than make workers redundant, firms have reduced the average hours worked. This is related to part 3, firms try to get higher productivity in a shorter time, so they can afford the minimum wage.Pass on Cost increases. Because the minimum wage affects all firms, it is easier for the cost increases to be passed onto consumers. e.g. because all cleaning firms have higher wage costs, they can all increase their prices. If the wage increase just affected one firm, they would become uncompetitive.Firms would also think of different problems to avoided of Minimum Wage. Itis uncertain to ascertain the extent of this problem, but some firms have circumvented the minimum wage legislation by employing immigrant labour and paying them lower wages. It also makes it more attractive to employ young workers.To conclude, although an increase in minimum wage in theory would lead to an increase in unemployment, but in practical, it would not much negative impact on the employment rate. Therefore, we cannot unambiguously conclude that a minimum wage increase will increase unemployment levels.

Electricity and Economy in Kenya Essay Example for Free

Electricity and Economy in Kenya EssayICT has been the main driver of Kenyas economic evolution over the last decade, growing on average by 20 % annually, and propelling the combined transport and communications sector into the economys second largest after agriculture. In chapter three I have discussed the impact of electricity on key economic sectors in Kenya which are agriculture, educational services, banking and communication services, microenterprises and tourism all of which are key pillars of Kenya Vision 2030. It costs approximately Ksh. 5,000 to connect to the power system and about 15 US cents equivalent per kWh of electricity service. This high cost is a major obstacle to the expansion of electricity connection to low-income households. Chapter 1 entrance 1. 1 Overview and statement of the problem Broad agreement exists that the level and the intensity of energy use in a country is a key exponent of economic growth and development. A number of researchers claim t hat for modern energy to make a difference on poverty, it must necessarily contribute to generative uses that generate income and create jobs.Kenyas Vision 2030 identified energy as one of the infrastructure enablers of its pillars and it is expected that more energy will be indispensable to realize the objectives of the Vision. The economic pillar of Vision 2030 aims at providing prosperity for all Kenyans through an economic development programme aimed at achieving an average GDP growth rate of 10% per annum over the next 25 years. Electricity remains the most sought after energy source by the Kenyan confederacy and access to it is normally associated with rising or high quality of life.Its current consumption is at 143 kilowatt hours (kWh) per capita and national connectivity rate of about 28. 9% which is at a lower place the average of 32% for developing countries. Electrification plays an important role in the start-up and growth of microenterprises which may lead to sustai nable livelihoods and poverty reduction. Energy can be now linked to improved food security because energy can be used in any part of the food supply chain, from growing, processing, storage and cooking, through to marketing and distribution.

Psychology of Personality Essay Example for Free

Psychology of Personality EssayPsychology of individualality is a set-back of psychology that focuses on the study of genius and the somebody differences. The main areas of focus are usually looking at individuals psychological processes, the individual differences and studying how human behavior is similar. Personality is usually defined as well organized and dynamic set of characteristics possessed by a person that distinctively influence the cognitions, behavior in various situations and motivations.Since nature is complex and dynamic, various psychologists have come up with distinguishable theories to explain the different reputation types. For the purpose of this paper, Freuds psychoanalytic theory and Jungs theory of spirit shall be used to analyze the personality of a lady friend by the name Ann. Since to the highest degree throng have various personality disorders, Anns personality disorder shall also be analyzed. Freuds Theory of Personality The Freuds theory of personality illustrates that personality of a human being is made up of three structures namely the ego, superego and id.The id contains instincts and it is usually unconscious. The ego develops after the id and is considered to be the executive branch of personality since it uses crusadeing to make decisions. Both the ego and id have no morality but the superego is the structure that contains morality as it takes into account whether something is adjust or wrong. The superego is also referred as the conscience since it has the ability to judge whether something is right or wrong. consort to Freuds theory of personality, personality is established at to a greater extent or less five years of age.Studies suggest that the early childhood experience influence human behavior and continue to do so through out the unscathed life (Mitterer Coon 2008). Further studies illustrate that behavior of a person develops through a series of childhood stages and the driving force during the stages is usually the psychosexual energy. Incase all the stages are completed successfully, healthy personality develops and if non, fixation occurs which leads to a personality disorder. These stages of development include the anal, oral, phallic, latent, and genital stage.Some of these stages shall be discussed comprehensively while analyzing Anns personality. Jungs Theory of Personality Jung is psychologist who accomplished much but his personality theory of introversion and extroversion gained a vision of experience and overshadowed the rest of his work. His theory suggests that introversion and extroversion are opposing attitude types that make a person to behave in a particular way. According to this theory of personality, human behavior is controlled by the introversion and extroversion attitudes.He defines an introvert as someone who is quite aware of the inner world and does not give much thought to the external world. An introvert attitude is usually more c at one tim erned with the subjective appraisal and considers dreams and fantasies more. On the other hand, an extrovert is usually characterized by the outside movement of the psyche energy. An extrovert attitude places more importance on the objectivity and at the same time gains a quid of influence from the outer environment than the inner cognitive processes.Nonetheless, the theory suggests that it is still possible for one person to have both attitudes though more lots than not one must be overshadowed by another. The four functions of the personality theory namely, thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition were combined so as to come up with the eight personality types. Discussion Ann is a twenty five year old lady who currently works as a research scientist. She is real competent and productive, and since she was employed two years ago, she has received a number of awards due to her competency.She happens to be the first born in the family of four and has been brought up by precise strict parents. Though she loves people, she mostly prefers to be merely and in social functions she prefers to remain calm and only talks with people close to her. She spends most of her leisure time reading or watching television when she is not studying. She can make a very good friend but once angered she reacts aggressively and she can put up a fight very first. In addition, she is quite independent and barely shares her things with other people.However, many people usually complain of her speechless and cold nature but she is quite orderly and maintains high level of cleanliness. In application of the Jungs theory of personality, Ann displays more of an introvert attitude than that of an extrovert. While making decisions, Ann takes her time analyzing the available options and is not easily influenced by the outside factors which display an introvert attitude as illustrated by Jungs theory of personality. She often makes a decision which suits her best, without giving much co nsideration to what others may think of her.Moreover she works best while alone and does not prefer social functions unless when it is very necessary. A person with such behavior is classified as an introvert by the Jungs theory of personality (Gelpi 1993). While applying the Freuds theory of personality, some of the behavior that characterizes Anns personality can be attributed to the experiences she passed through during the early childhood stages. The fact that she holds a lot of intuition toward people illustrates that the care takers did not feed her on demand during the oral stage.However, during the anal stage, she received the appropriate toilet training hence the reason why she is quite competent, productive and orderly (Dumont, Wedding Corsini 2007). Personality Disorder A personality disorder is often described as an enduring class of inner experiences and behavior that seems to deviates from individuals culture and sets in during early adulthood or adolescence stage ( Dobbert 2007). Since most of these behaviors are pervasive and also degenerative they usually cause impairment in the daily life.A study of Anns life shows that she most probably suffers from a paranoid personality disorder. It is a disorder that is characterized by agoraphobia, depression and substance abuse as illustrated by the studies of (Dobbert, 2007). Ann displays most of the symptoms associate with paranoid disorder because she does not trust people, gets angry rapidly especially if she thinks that she is being deceived, thinks that people are untrustworthy, she is always serious and secretive, and always analyzes every gesture and conversation to look for the hidden meaning.The above mentioned Anns personality traits illustrate that she suffers from paranoid personality disorder since the same symptoms characterize the disorder are part of the diagnostic criteria of the disorder. Conclusion and Recommendation Psychology of personality is very important since it helps in u nderstanding different personalities as illustrated by the different behaviors. In psychology, there are many theories that have been established to explain different personalities. Despite the fact that all have the same goals some contain controversial ideas.However, they are still very helpful. In this study, the Freuds theory of personality which illustrates that early childhood experiences shape the behavior of a person has helped in understanding the personality of Ann. It was possible to deduce that her mistrust originates from her oral stage as her caretakers did not feed her on demand. Such an experience makes an infant to lose trust on people. Jungs theory of personality helps in understanding that the reserved nature of Ann is a result of an introverted attitude.In addition, the study has been of great help since it was possible to realize that Anns pervasive behavior of excessive mistrust is as a result of a paranoid personality disorder.References Dobbert, L. D. , (2007 ). Understanding personality disorders an introduction. Westport, Greenwood Publishing Group. Dumont, F. , Wedding, D. Corsini, J. , (2007). Current Psychotherapies. Stamford, Cengage Learning. Gelpi, D. L. , (1993). Committed Worship Adult Conversion and Initiation. Collegeville, liturgical Press Mitterer, J. O. Coon, D. , (2008). Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior. Stamford, Cengage Learning.

Sport Science Energy Systems Assignment Physical Education Essay

Sport Science Energy Systems Assignment Physical Education EssayThe duration of as netball back up is approximately around an metre of day split into four quarters of 15 minutes with a couple of minutes between each quarter. Netball can be played at diverse speeds depending on what the position is that the player is occupying at that time and whether or not the player is unceasingly raceway or moving in that position played, for example, the oddment keeper (GK) just has to use free energy and actually move is when the ball is down that end of the court, in that third. Where as the centre (C) has to be moving continuously up and down the court to receive the ball and to take an intercept. A full peppy consists of mainly racy posture throughout the game depending on the position. This includes mainly two kneades that our ashes experiences of the ATP-PC body arrangement for fast bursts of energy and the Lactic cutting energy frame for military campaignning and using a surge of energy for long periods of time, this ashes is mainly used for team sports be typesetters case of the pauses throughout the game the player doesnt usually go into the aerobic stage yet although if the game is intense and your constantly running and moving it is possible to go into your aerobic stage. Some players have around about the same intensity, some are diametrical than others, and they can vary from player to player.Explain how the ATP-PC system works. Describe the aspects of the game in which this is the paramount energy system.ATP-PC is constantly being relied on at the get down of any form of exercise regardless of what the intensity is. It is the first Energy System that our body goes into when experiencing any type of sport. People who play Netball use this system a flock and more than any of the other energy systems because netball players wish that extra burst of energy to get the ball or to defend it, ATP-PC system has fast spurts of energy for this.T he ATP-PC system provides immediate energy bursts because of the breaking down process of the energy phosphates. If this energy system is fully stored and your body hasnt used any of the ATP-PC system then the energy in your body will provide maximal power intensity for a short duration from between 10-15 seconds until your body moves into the next system, since your body hasnt started using any fast and immediate energy burst it hasnt broken down any phosphates, this will provide maximal energy as your body doesnt need to replace any until you move into your next system and it provides you with the maximal amount of intensity because the ATP-PC has been produced however the negative theory of the ATP-PC system is the bursts of energy run out quickly.ATP-PC is used in netball because it has a high intensity for the short bursts of energy, such as sprinting. In netball when leading toward the ball you need to sprint to receive the ball or jump high for a pass. However the rest of the time you are either waiting for the ball to surface down that end or third of the court or you might have gone past that system and have moved onto your lactic hot system.Explain how the Lactic Acid system works. Describe the aspects of the game in which this is the predominant system.To replace the ATP in your system when you play netball is the lactic acid system, this system is generally used for team sports and MED HIGH intensity levels (85% or higher intensity). The Lactic Acid systems only fuel is carbohydrates this is what the Lactate runs on and is its only energy source. The Lactic acid system lasts from approximately 10 seconds to 3 minutes until your body moves on to the next energy system. This system is a despatch breakdown of glucose being released into the muscles and starts to build up causing the muscles to become fatigue. Netball uses this system for fast bursts also as well as the ATP-PC system and it lasts for a gracious time in team sports, but if used too much it can cause bare-assed muscles, mainly in the legs due to the lactate running through your muscles. The lactic acid is conflicting with the muscle which is tensing and then expanding again because of the combination of the calcium and Troponin in your muscles. The acid encourages the nerves to fall apart influencing the lactic to cause pain within the muscle. When you push yourself too far your body cant supply enough oxygen to your muscles quick enough there for your muscles will erupt the glucose quicker and then produce a lot of lactic acid to your body, because of the build up of lactate your muscles will then become really sore after a game and will reduce your maximal effort that you are putting into the game.Explain how Aerobic system works. Describe the aspects of the game in which this is a predominant system?After the Lactic acid system is the Aerobic system, this system produces large amounts of energy even though it has the lowest intensity level of all our ene rgy systems. Due to at the start of your exercise your body can not transport the oxygen to your muscles quick enough to incur the chemical reactions in the Anaerobic stages until you are in your Aerobic stage. The Aerobic stage is broken down into three different stages Glycolysis, Citric acid troll and lastly into the electron Transport chain. Firstly the Glycolysis is the breakdown of the carbohydrates (which is one of the aerobic systems fuels) the Glycolysis breaks down into Pyruvic acid which forms into 2 ATP molecules which is a total of 10 separate chemical reactions and also takes place in the muscle. Once the Carbohydrates have broken down, the second transformation then develops which is called the Citric acid or the Tricarboxylic acid system. new(prenominal) reactions also continue within our muscles to resynthesis the two ATP molecules as well. The by-products such as, Carbon Dioxide and hydrogen joins to the process, which then constructs into a chain reaction start ing the roll all over again. The Electron Transport Chain involves the Hydrogen noted in a higher place is located into the membranes of the Mitochondria and is then split into and atom and an electron which creates at lot of energy in preparation to resynthesise into ATP. In netball the Centre is using the aerobic system the approximately of all the players on the team as the Centre has to run from one end of the court to the other, if the game is really intense then she will be running constantly as the ball would be outlet from one end of the court to the other.This proves that she has little rest to replenish all her PC at 100% as it takes 3 minutes to rest in a stationary position, but if the ball is in the goals circle then she may have some time to replenish but it highly promising that she wont have replenished completely.Choose a position/player in your sport. What percentage of game time would each of the energy systems be seen as the predominant system? Explain.The G oal DefenceBefore the game has even started and all the players are in their positions, waiting for the whistle to be blown, the goal keeper is straightway using the aerobic system as she is standing there waiting for the game to commence. If she sprints for the ball, intercepts the ball or if she is defending the ball in the goals circle and jumps up to defend she is also instantly using the ATP-PC system for a fast burst which has high intensity levels and is the predominant source. If she continues running or sprinting for more than 15 seconds then she would then entre her lactic acid stage. Throughout the game she would be mostly using the aerobic system. In between each quarter of the game she would have replenished a high amount of her PC stores if not around 98% then her system will start all over again. If for most of the game the ball is down the other end of the court more often than it is at the other end of the court then this also gives time to recover for each energy system. It takes 20 -30 seconds for the ATP in our bodies to recover at least 50%, which works out to around 3 minutes for it to recover a complete 100%. (Although it varies for the type of sport that you are playing, 30 seconds or less for endurance, 30-90 seconds for hypertrophy, 2-3 minutes for strength and 3-5 minutes for power. Netball would be a power type of sport as it includes high intensity power bursts regularly.) If the game is really intense they may fit in 15-20 seconds of their recovery, which is only a small amount of time around 20-25% of their ATP-PC would be replenished. For a game that wouldnt be as intense they may possibly reach up to half(a) of their recovery but not completely. Your body may not fully recover after a high intensity Aerobic exercise for up to 3-4 days afterwards, but it all depends on how high the intensity was of the game.Explain the accumulation of Lactic Acid and the required recovery time using the above percentages.The accumulation of la ctic acid is due to high the rate is in demand for lactate, when your body is demanding more and more lactate in a high intensity sport, your body produces more and more lactate until it reaches the point where there is so much that our body cant remove it quick enough and the parsimoniousness begins to rise to where there is a build up of lactate that isnt being removed, if you stop whatever the sport or activity is the lactic acid does not get removed from the muscle then causes pain later on unless you do a recovery to remove it otherwise thats what creates the soreness in your muscles. in that respect are different ways that you can remove the lactic acid but it approximately takes up to an hour for it to be 100% replenished. To speed the process up one which removes it quickly would include a fast pace cool down which allows oxygen to the muscles and helps remove the lactate quicker.

The Geometric Arrangement Of Computer Systems

The Geometric Arrangement Of Computer SystemsA ne twork often simply referred to as computer entanglement, is a collection of computers and devices connected by colloquys conduct. Computers on a meshwork ar some prison terms c each(prenominal)ed nodes. In instruction applied science network is series of points or nodes interconnected by communication paths. These communication channels facilitate communications among users and allow users to shargon resources with other users.Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics.Topology The geometric arrangement of a computer strategy. The most common regional anatomy or general configurations of networks include theBus topologyStar topologyToken ring topologyNetworks bottomland everyplacely be characterized in terms of spatial keep A group of two or much(prenominal) computer systems linked together. on that point ar many types of computer networks, includingLocal-argona networks (LANs) In thi s type of network the computers linked inwardly the organization.Wide-area networks (WANs) The computers are farther apart and are connected by variant communication channels.Metropolitan-area networks MANs) A data network designed for a town or city.Campus-area networks (CANs) The computers are within a limited geographic area.Egg campusHome-area networks (HANs) A network contained within a users home that connects a persons digital devices.profit ProtocolsBefore sacking to lucre communications protocols first we have to know some the protocol.Protocol The protocol defines a common set of rules and signalings that computers on the network use to communicate.The Internet Protocol (IP) is a protocol utilize for communicating data across a big money-switched networkwork development the Internet Protocol Suite, alike referred to as TCP/IP.The Internet Protocol is amenable for addressing hosts and routing datagram (packets) from a source host to the destination host acro ss ane or more IP networks. The direct of packets from source to destination is performed based on two types of networksThese networks includeWired networkA wired network is a physical system that allows quadruplex computers communicate with each other. Wired networking is normally accomplished by using cables and other hardware to connect one computer to another. at once a wired home network has been installed, users within the network can share computer archives and documents as well as printers and scanners. In This network the packets are changered by using TCP/IP.Wireless networkConnecting one computer to another computer is presageed network. We are connecting these computers to manoeuvre packets from source to destination. But we are using wireless network, instead of cables we are using radio waves to transfer these packets by using UDP (User Datagram packet).TCP/IP ArchitectureInternet protocol suite which standardized for the entire networking environment describe s specific rule guidelines for communication strategy. This protocol architecture deals with communication between source and destination which promoter how the data should be formatted, how the packets should identify the address of the receiver and how the packets are transmitted from source to destination.In this TCP/IP architecture the data should be transferred in the form of packets from source to destination. The transmission of packets starts from source and these packets transmits through distinguishable types of beds and finally it put ones the destination. In this architecture in that location are 4different layers, each layer performs its own functionality to reach destination.In this architecture each layer sends the learning to the lower layer to process the functionality of that layer, by and by completion of processing the information passed to lower layer and so on. This process repeats till the packet should reach the destination.The 4 different layers of TC P/IP protocol architecture and each layer is described belowApplication LayerThis layer provides the some functionality to perform different assistants of the lower layers. And this layer provides different protocols for the purpose of exchanging data between different layers. The protocols which are defined by application layer are cognize as application protocols and these are apply to exchange the informationThere are different protocols used in application layer are described as followsThe Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) This protocol used in application layer which is used to perform the transmission of files among the network.The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) It is similarly one protocol used in application layer to perform the transmission of interactive files.The Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) by using this protocol the transmission of mail messages and file attachments are through.The functionality of application layer similar to the functionalities of OSI Appli cation, Presentation Layer and Session Layer. tape drive LayerThis is the second layer of TCP/IP protocol architecture. This Transport layer deals with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).This protocol is used to know the status of packet transmission whether it reached the exact destination or not. Before gain the destination it performs the error checking which means it is in the right order or not.Network LayerThis is the one of the weighty layer of TCP/IP protocol architecture. In this layer it deals with the Internet protocol (IP).The communication of these layers should be done by using this protocol.Network Access LayerThe network access layer is the combination of Data link layer and physical layer. The Data link layer deals with the transmission of data packets across the architecture. This Data link layer provides different functionalities like formatting the data in packets, error detection and the flow of data from source to destination. And coming to physical layer de als with the physical medium such(prenominal) as voltage levels, connector types and handshake procedures.TCP/IP Protocol LayersChapter 2In chapter 1, I have mainly discussed about the VoIP and brief coordinate of dissertation. This chapter helps in understanding the VoIP system, key components, and protocols. It is unassailable to understand the concepts and the technology when working on a late system.2.1 OverviewThe generations have changed, so the way of communicating to your family, friends has changed. not provided quality is a concern but low cost is also an important instrument for making strains. These are the few things which brought a attracter of research work for Voice over net profit protocol (VoIP). VoIP is a way sending enunciate packet over the internet. VoIP not altogether provides bargain-priced calls but also provides advance quality than before.2.2 What is VoIP?VoIP is one of greatest invention in human kind it basically allows transmission of huma n theatrical role in the form of digital packet over a network. It is in demand due to lower call rates, implementation on a existing network, ruin quality than before. Many people, organisations have been consistently working on this technology to get a better deed of the service. This technology could be also implement in a local area network. The process involves compressing and digitization of voice and transforming into Internet Protocol packets and sending the format over network. This is the process which is known as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). 42.3 VoIP HistoryComputer to Computer affair begin in Israel in 1995 by vocaltech Software by name internet sound. This software was designed and used to make Voice calls 8. The whole system consists of basic things such as s rushers, modem, and sound cards. The voice signals were digitized, saturnine into voice packets, so that they could be travelled over the network and in the end, packets would be shifted back into v oice signals. The overall quality was not at all good and not even near traditional phone calls. But still it is considered as a major milestone as it was birth of new technology. The designed software had to be installed on both systems ( society and receiver) to process the voice call. Therefore it was the birth of first IP phone.Later after few geezerhood in 1998, number of head-to-head companies, organisation started working and using this technology more effectively. It is valuable assets as it is due to provide cheap long distance calls, avoid extravagantly charges with traditional phone system. These companies were able to design and organize VoIP doors on the internet, which would allow cheaper calls through Computer to Computer and also from regular phone to phone. This enhancement brought more awareness of the technology, market profits among private organisation and investors. However on the other side general people were unknown with the technology due non availabilit y of postgraduate speed internet connection in most of the areas. This was one of the main reasons that it couldnt get popular quickly. Enterprises, small organisation already started using the benefits of VoIP communication with voice across the networks was deployed and used. As era passed more standards and protocols were introduced for better quality as VoIP in beginning stages was not a good quality 4.In initially stages when it was introduced, it was not considered as a potential technology. In some parts of North America it was offered free, which allowed free phone calls using regular phone. Though it was not considered potential technology, it was slowly getting popular and accepted in various areas such as enterprises, general public. Finally it was a well known model by 1998, where VoIP was used about 1% of voice traffic and in just two years of date by the year 2000, it was used over 3 % of traffic. This growth was mainly due improvement in the system. 10. VoIP is rap idly growing year by year. It is likely to reach around 300 million users of VoIP around the world.2.4 ProtocolsA protocol can be defined as a combination or set of rules. These are necessary for data transmission by two or more computers over a network. These protocols determine data compression, acknowledgements, and error checking methods. 122.4.1 Internet ProtocolInternet protocol is the primary network protocol used across the network. By using this protocol the packets are sent across the network.It is a connectionless protocol which means each packet is travelling in the network is independent and is not related to any other unit. The connection oriented protocol transmission have protocol (TCP) handles all the packets.2.4.2 H.323The H.323 is one of the two important protocols used in VoIP. H.323 protocol is a standard designed by international telecommunications union (ITU), which sets rules for multimedia system applications across the network. It is used for sending audi o, data packets, and video over IP network, which basically means providing satisfying time multimedia applications. It behaves as real time protocol and also non real time protocol. 6.Most of the ITU-T termination recommendations provide only terminals. However H.323 provides various components along with terminals on a network 13. They are gateway, gate shop stewards, and multiple control units. These components provide point to point/multipoint multimedia communications, when connected together. Below is the figure of H.323 architectureFigure 1 H.323 architecture Ref 132.4.2.1 H.323 terminalThe H.323 terminal is also known as knob usually it is a computer or internet phone with H.323 client. The H.323 terminal launchs real time two-way video, voice, data interactions. H.225.0 is used to specify call signalling, packetization, synchronizations. On the other side H.245 is used to specify messages for opening and closing logical connections beside other commands 14.2.4.2.2 Gate keeperGatekeeper supports address translation and other access control for H.323 standards. H.323 is the standard that points the system this protocol provides different types of services such as voice, video and packet transmission. A gatekeeper acts as routing manager, which is responsible for all end nodes in a particular area. 112.4.2.3 GatewayGateway is a part of the VoIP system, which is used to transfigure audio and fax call in real time. Mainly it works between internet and plain old telephone system as a converter. This IP telephony gateway converts analogy signal into internet data packets and sends data as a regular data packet over a network. Once the packet is received on the receiver end, it is re converted into analogy voice signal. It allows regular telephone calls to be attaind through the internet and provides communication between Private Branch Exchange (PBX) and internet.152.4.2.4 Multi Point Control UnitsMultipoint Control Unit (MCU) acts as a multipoint con ference to establish a connection among ternary or more devices and gateways. It is usually integrated with a client , gateway. There are two elements associated to MCU, one is multipoint controller and second is multipoint processor. In this multipoint conferencing, two types of stages involved, centralized and decentralized. Centralized multipoint mode provides direct communication of H.323 devices to MCU in P2P method. Multipoint controller is used in a point to point call way and moreover it is also used to check if it has to multi cast or uncast the information such as audio and video. In the other mode decentralized multipoint, multicast method is used to transfer all data to other devices. The multi point control unit checks the readiness of all devices and sends different data streams 16.2.4.3 imbibeIt is a protocol used for modifying, terminating, establishing sessions over a network. It is also called as signalling protocol and mainly used for internet telephony VoIP ca lls. It is designed by the internet engineering task force (IETF) for real time transmission. There are different components in SIP.SIP is less weight than H.323 and moreover when it comes to flexibility, it is more flexible 17. It can also used for video, audio, multimedia sessions. It is more popular and being adopted more due to more flexibility than H.323. The structure of SIP is same as of Hyper Text Transport Protocol (HTTP) it follows the client server model 182.4.3.1 Main Components involved in SIPUser AgentUser Agent works as logical entity at SIP end station software. It acts as client when initialising session requests and acts as server when replying to a session request. It has the capabilities of initiating and answering calls. It also has the ability to save and manage call state that is why it is known as intelligent 4.Proxy emceeThey are used as computers and requests are forwarded by them on the behalf of other computers. They are one kind of intermediate server, forwarding requests from the user to SIP server 4.Figure 2 an example of proxy server Ref 4Redirect ServerIt is a second type of intermediate server. The main responsibilities of this server is to give name resolution and user location. It simply gives the information needed to start the originating client. Once it has been done, it is no more involved in the process 4Registrar ServerRegistrar Server is a server that is used to register the location information from the user agent and saves the registration information. This sort of concept creates a directory for all logged and also specifies their location.42.5 QOSQOS is Quality of Service refers to the capability of a network to provide better service to selected network traffic over various technologies, including Frame Relay, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Ethernet and 802.1 networks, SONET, and IP-routed networks that may use any or all of these cardinal technologies. The primary goal of Qos is to provide priority includin g dedicated bandwidth of service is most important part for any multimedia application. It is more considered in a private network such as connection of multiple offices than on worldwide internet. Initially, internet was known for sending email and file. However it is more than just sending files, now it has real time applications such as video, gaming, internet telephony. As the VoIP technology has evolved so much, there is more need for better Qos.Below slacken provides a list of Qos parameters 19For a successful VoIP deployment, Qos is an important tool. Bandwidth is one of important factor in VoIP, if enough bandwidth is provided the voice quality will be more than just satisfied. This is the reason services in organisation doesnt need planned QOS as they have enough bandwidth. A successful VoIP deployment requires a careful psychometric test and network assessment, as well as a system to measure and monitor the system in order to benefit from the cost savings, flexibility an d functionality VoIP offers.There are five areas to consider when planning a VoIP deploymentMake sure the network can handle VoIP.Keep the deployment simple.Create network service maps and update service-level agreements.Consider QoE. Quality of experience (QoE). Review, reassess and repeat.However as the network grows such as internet, more complications, issues arise as there are multiple services to be handled, several areas are to be covered, security is concerned. The target area is quite simple, IP telephony must meet the requirements of a user, which means voice quality should be similar to that of PSTN in such a way to retain same standards and satisfy the user expectations. When the voice signals are transmitted over the network, the data is divided into packets and transmitted across the network through network elements such as routers, switches. In this process to achieve better results, Qos is to be followed which would give importance to real time application over non real time applications.20. The main factors network analysis are mainly delay, jitter (variation in delay), and packet redness. packet LossOne of the very important factors in VoIP Qos is packet loss. This generally occurs when the packet is dropped during peak loads and congestion. This happens as VoIP packets are very sensitive of voice transmission. The main reason or largest cause of a packet loss is a packed being dropped due to overload in the network. This is the main factor which can significantly affect VoIP quality 22DelayDelay is the key performance of QoS , which is needed to be reduced . End to end delay is the duration happen uponn by a analog signal to transmit from the sender to receiver. Delay does not produce noise , however it affects the quality of conversation. When the delay reaches about 250ms, the telephonic conversation observes its impact. Between 300 ms and 500 ms the talk gets slightly difficult. Finally if it reaches above 500 ms makes an impossible c ommunication. In VoIP the delay could be anywhere between 50 to 100 ms , however in POTS , the delay is generally under 10 ms.22JitterDelay mutation sometimes also known as Jitter is the variation in packet delay. It is mainly the variety value between the delay of two consequent voice packets. In the internet terminology they can explained in a simple manner , if the packet n has delayed highly then chances are high for the packet n+1 also21. To reduce the delay between two queuing packets, a jitter buffer is used. This buffer stores arriving packets temporarily in order to reduce the difference value between two packets. For some reason, if the packets are delayed then it simply discards the packet. The acceptable value considered for jitter is between 0ms and 50ms and anything above this is not acceptable 18 doneTechniques for jitter absorption1. same playout time is set for all packets for whole session or for the duration of onesession.2. The second technique involves adaptiv e adjustment of the playout time during silence period related to present network. This technique is also called as talkspurts adjustment.3. This technique is also known as within talkspurts adjustment. In this method ceaselessly adapting the playout time for each packet, which needs the scaling of voice packets 152.6 Initial VoIP Study and DesignThere are various real time applications running on internet, such as calling over PC, Video and voice. When deploying these services across networks, there are many difficulties and issues are faced. Some of them are directly related to QoS is the network capable of handling the new application and whether there will be any negative impact on existing services in the network. For real time application such as VoIP, which uses UDP as transport layer protocol, QoS is not guaranteed. Researchers are always working on these issues depending upon the real time application. In order to achieve good results, a good policy , QoS should be implem ented. There are many things to be considered to give a high standard service. To begin packetization , delay , network design are few things to establish QoS.7 However other things are signalling protocol , security, bandwidth, power failures. Certainly there are numerous methods available to achieve QoS. But it is really important to understand and estimate the requirement of this QoS by a particular system. Sometimes it is sight by the engineers that spending on the network parameters is less than on QoS. As a result, it is important thing to consider before deploying, whether to design a QoS or not.2.7 Components of VoIPBelow figure gives an end to end VoIP system Components from sending point to receiving point. As seen in the figure the different components involved are encoder, packetizer, playback buffer, depacketizer , decoder. Voice is in the form of analog , which moves along the time , which usually is limited within 4kHz. Bandwidth 18. The analog or audio signal is fir st converted into samples , which is a digital signal , which is then transmitted across the network 17. Next to encoder it is packetizer , which encapsulates the digital samples into packets along with real time protocol (RTP),User Datagram Protocol(UDP),IP and Ethernet headers. Finally the digital packet moves into the network and passes through playback buffer. Playback buffer mainly used to absorb any kind of changes, delay. In final stages the packet enters depacketizer and then decoder which convert the digital signal into analog signal.Fig 3 source Assessing the Quality of Voice Communications Over Internet Backbones 17 .2.8 CODECA codec is software that converts analog signal into digital bits and transmits them as data across the network. These Codecs use high level methods for coding 12.Table 2 2.9 Performance related QoS parameters.One of the most important metrics for QoS in VoIP is bandwidth. It plays an important role as the voice channels rely on the present bandwidth . Apart from this constraint, there are other important factors which also specify the quality of calls they are loss of packets, delay and other variations.End to End delayIt can be explained as the duration taken by the information to pass from the speaker or caller to the receiver. VoIP requires real time traffic transmission across the network and this transmission end-to-end delay is most important factor to decide QoS. ITU-T suggests that end-to-end delay should be less than 150ms for a high quality conversation 12BandwidthThe bandwidth required to make a single call in one way is 64kbps. If the call is using G.711, the codec samples 20ms of voice for each packet. We need 50 packets to send per second. In addition to this packet, other headers of protocols are also added. They are real time protocol, user datagram protocol, internet protocol and Ethernet. In the end 226 bytes must be transmitted 50 times per sec. This value is only for one way. The total required bandwidth fo r each call is 100pps for both directions 19.Call DistributionOne of the very important factor before planning or designing is the calculation of internal and external calls. The call wont statistics plays an important role in VoIP deployment. The statistics would give a clear picture of nature of call, time, duration, peak time. In order to achieve best QoS , always a worst scenario should be considered. Like, busiest call transmitting time should be considered of the month. This would make sure that all other calls are provided with well planned QoS.2.10 Advantages and DisadvantagesThere are many advantages associated with VoIP, especially when compared to PSTN it gives various benefits. The good thing about this technology is that it is not only beneficial to small and large enterprises but also for residential users.Low costMost of the VoIP companies provide low calling cost for distant places, which are almost same as local call. Only condition is that the user must have broad band connection to use the VoIP service. Now a old age most of the places such as homes, offices are equipped with internet connection. This is the main advantage with VoIP technology, as it does not need a completely new system to make cheaper calls. In some situations the calling cost will be absolutely free, even though the call will be an international call. Lets take the scenario where the user is using his or her computer connected with internet. In this process the user just needs software installed on the computer and also at the receiver end, software must be installed. The entire conversation between these two computers is free of cost.Multimedia ApplicationsApart from regular international calls VoIP service also provides unified messaging, real time applications such as audio and video conferencing, e-learning and other entertainment applications. VoIP has brought number of new things in the internet world.Corporate benefitsVoIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol, is rapid ly becoming a top choice for people wishing to avoid costly telephone service. For this reason it became more popular. The following are three top reasons for using VoIP. The reasons areHuge savingsOptionsIts Not Going AnywhereVoIP calling can significantly abrogate all international charges for companies making distant calls overseas. These savings can be also included when calls are made within the organisations. But when it comes to international calling more savings are achieved. Especially for companies with data networks have an edge over the technology. With recent improvement in VoIP quality, call can be compared to PSTN and used as regular method of calling.DisadvantagesHowever, there are still some disadvantages of VOIP especially when it comes to using the technology for functions beyond the one caller to one caller scenario. one of the disadvantage is If multiple users need to make VOIP calls, it can be difficult for the company to know exactly how much bandwidth to pr ovide especially if internet access, video conferencing or other data transmission services are using the same path.Broadband connectionA high speed internet service is necessary to run VoIP service it is applicable for both enterprises and residential. If the internet speed is low, then quality of VoIP may degrade.Power outageOne of the major drawbacks of VoIP is disconnectedness of service in power outage. Whereas PSTN works even when there is power outage. Comparatively PSTN is more reliable in such situation. However this situation can be controlled in VoIP by using generators to provide power.Chapter -3Literature ReviewRelated WorkIn order to provide more security the usage of VOIP network deployment is increased. Because of low price calls most of the enterprises uses network, it causes network congestion. To avoid network congestion we electred VOIP network deployment system. After many researches, VOIP is issued in both wire and wireless. The demand of VOIP service has in creased because of its security, performance, quality of service (QOS) and network infrastructure enhancement. This chapter mainly focused on research papers on VOIP deployment and present reviews of performance and quality of service (QOS) amounts.3.1 VoIP Network SecuritiesIn general there are always problem with network attacks like denial of service, worms, network attacks which can be made by man and etc. similarly VOIP system can also faces the attacking problems and degrade the performance of voice services. Here we need to prefer intruder detection system which can handle the network oriented attacks efficiently. Even we will get attacks like spams on the mailing system. The main aim of denial of service is to interrupt the services from resources by making them unavailable to the user.Multi-Layered VoIP SecurityBecause of threats attacks the quality of voice will be degrade, it causes the service useless. Denial of service and distributed denial of service attaches degrade s the quality of voice.VoIP service introducing the greatest achievement by providing security in communication by control (signaling) and content (voice) parallel channels which together form the VoIP service. The attacks damage the whole service useless.3.2 VoIP network PerformanceIn communication world , a lot of research work is going on to evaluate VoIP performance by analyzing different inputs such as traffic, packet delivery time, receiving time, jitter and network congestion. In the reference 4, the author designed a network model using computer simulation. This research explains the network performance in respect to various available links and network.The VoIP performance review shows the loss patterns in terms of packet loss, delay time and network congestion, it measures the delay and loss characteristics. Kostas 5 deliberated the VoIP performance on different networks and they discuss the delay and loss measurement characteristics, they discuss founded on round trip dela y measurements. The quality results can be seen with the delay and packet loss.3.3 VoIP Quality of ServicesVoIP services are bit by bit adapting in to new level of services and used by different sectors. Currently there are some challenges for this technology. Anyone providing VoIP services should be able to achieve certain standards and quality of the service should satisfy the user. The availability of QoS is an important factor for the end users. Therefore understanding the issues related to QoS is one of the important factor , QoS parameters should be properly analysed and if any loop hole is found , it should be accordingly rectified. Cole et al. 6 propose a quality measurement method by perusing the review on E-Model 7 by measuring the quintiles of delay and loss. Markopoulou et al. 8 employs subject quality measures to review internet backbone ability, this work is based on packet tracer bullet which are able to present overall quality of VoIP. In this