Essay Sample on the War on Terror Deterrence or Compellence

Paper Sample on the War on Terror Deterrence or Compellence Presentation: A War on Terror is a troublesome thing to characterize, due mostly to its ambiguity and its unsparing use as an expository gadget to legitimize any military activity executed by the U.S post-9/11. On the off chance that it must be characterized in the manner it appears to have been proposed, it could be as a lot of activities pointed †or indicated to be pointed †at dispensing with or diminishing psychological oppression on the planet. The word psychological oppression is commonly characterized as the conscious creation and misuse of dread through brutality or its danger. To comprehend whether the War on Terror is discouragement or compellence or neither there must be a specified meaning of prevention and compellence. Discouragement is the danger of power made by an on-screen character with the point of keeping a foe from participating in a specific game-plan; though compellence is the danger of power made by an entertainer with the point of convincing a foe to fix something previously done or start a specific strategy . Is the War on Terror Deterrence or Compellence? The War on Terror has a few qualities that look like prevention. One of them is the adversarys want to take part in an unfortunate (to the individuals who wish to stop) activity. In any case, since the two sides present a totally different image of the real world, of their own inborn goodness and the others natural disagreeableness, it is practically difficult to decide with assurance whether the foe does in actuality mean to do what bountiful publicity endeavors endeavor to persuade individuals that they do; making it epistemically more secure to decide whether one side sees the different as being going to participate in the dreaded activity, as opposed to whether they are dispassionately going to take part in that activity. A significant enemy for this situation is al Qaeda, and the U.S has demonstrated its confidence in al Qaedas aim to execute the unfortunate activities (fear mongering), and has done a lot to underline this plan: were occupied with a worldwide war against a foe that undermines every single edified country. Our foes have straightforwardly proclaimed that they are looking for weapons of mass devastation, and proof shows that they are doing as such earnestly. Through this system, al Qaeda and its partners expect to make various, decentralized working bases over the world, from which they can design new assaults, and advance their vision of a brought together, extremist Islamic express that can go up against and inevitably pulverize the free world. The Iranian system and its psychological oppressor intermediaries have shown their readiness to execute Americans (accentuations mine) Different similitudes to prevention that are shown by the War on Terror are the exhibit of American military capacity and readiness to utilize that capacity, which fill numerous needs including setting up believability; and articulations of the expectation to rebuff psychological oppressor assaults, which have been made unequivocally and verifiably. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan might be viewed as understood tokens of the discipline anticipating the individuals who compromise American force, just as shows of American military ability, however they have had their constraints in filling those needs. Express proclamations of American readiness and physical capacity have been made out in the open locations, for instance: we won't rest, we won't retreat, and we won't pull back from the battle, until this danger to human advancement has been evacuated. Express affirmation is made of discouragement as a system in the War on Terror, yet it is just one of numerous techniques remembered for the war, not a portrayal of the war itself: another prevention math consolidates the need to hinder psychological militants and supporters from pondering a WMD assault and, bombing that, to deter them from really leading an assault. Has it Succeeded? Regardless of whether the War on Terror has worked for its expressed purposes †American protection and making the world more liberated and progressively serene †would rely on whether the U.S is more secure now than it was before its starting, and whether any piece of the world is more liberated or more secure as an outcome. As per their own National Intelligence Estimate America isn't more secure . By tying up their assets in Iraq and Afghanistan, they diminish their own believability. The War on Terror might be viewed as something of a disappointment in such matters. Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan and different places straightforwardly affected by the War on Terror have likewise not been freed. The undemocratic Musharraf system has been upheld; Iraq has gotten progressively fierce, caught Iraqis have been tormented and fear mongering has gotten increasingly uncontrolled there. Relations with Iran are falling apart, and numerous on the planet dread the U.S more than fear monge ring. In such matters too the War in Iraq appears to have been a disappointment. The War on Terror as Defensive: The War on Terror is a preventive protective methodology. This includes prevention/compellence yet isn't restricted to it, the same number of the methodologies it envelops fall outside the rubric of discouragement/compellence. For instance, attempting to forestall reserves arriving at psychological oppressors, democratizing however much of the world as could reasonably be expected and utilizing monetary prizes are portions of the War on Terror, yet are neither compellence nor discouragement. The technique for battling fear based oppression is isolated into five segments: propelling vote based system, forestalling psychological oppressor assaults, denying haven to psychological militants, denying fear based oppressors power over countries and building establishments to help battle fear mongering . The second is apparently preventive barrier, the third might be deciphered to be so as may the fourth. The first and the fifth don't include simply the utilization of power, and don't fall i nto the classifications of guard, compellence, discouragement or strutting. It is conceivable that the war is hostility blended in with guard, with the guise of being altogether cautious. This would be upheld by the perception that one and conceivably another war has been started by the U.S without incitement, and explanations have been made coolly that demonstrate a readiness to dismiss the sway of different states, national honesty and human rights . End: The War on Terror in general doesn't give off an impression of being compellence or prevention, however protection blended in with animosity; while a portion of the moves inside it †specifically the war in Iraq and Americas expanding antagonistic vibe toward Iran †are hindrance. The war in Iraq is an instance of bombed discouragement, however the thought processes and results in the circumstance are intricate. American activities in the War on Terror are going about as exhibitions of influence in certain regards, just as debilitating in others (loss of fighters, vehicles, fuel, cash and so on.). They may be imparting dread in certain on-screen characters on the planet, but on the other hand are exciting scorn and outrage among others, huge numbers of whom are not handily scared.

Catherin the great essays

Catherin the incredible articles History 120, Section 4 Russell Smith One of the most intriguing, dedicated and influential individuals to effortlessness the pages of history during the eighteenth century was Catherine II, Empress of Russia. History specialists have not generally been so kind to her memory, and very regularly one peruses records of her private life, overlooking her numerous accomplishments. The tales of her relationships have been excessively misjudged and can be followed to a bunch of French essayists in the years following Catherine's passing, when Republican France was battling for its life against an alliance that included Russia. Catherine was conceived Sophia Augusta Frederika of Anhalt-Zerbst on April 21, 1729 in Stettin, at that point Germany, presently Poland. Her dad, Prince Christian Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst, was a high-positioning official in the Prussian Army and a minor ruler among the realms in Germany. He wedded the a lot more youthful Princess Johanna of Holstein-Gottorp. A long time previously, Johanna's sibling Karl August of Holstein-Gottorp had gone to Russia to wed the Princess Elizabeth Petrovna. Anyway the Prince kicked the bucket of little pox, leaving Elizabeth heart-broken. Elizabeth's sister, Anna brought forth a child named Peter Ulrich, anyway disaster indeed struck as Anna's kicked the bucket of tuberculosis three months in the wake of bringing forth Peter. Dwindle, who in the end became Tsar Peter III, was the main enduring male descendent and the possibly beneficiary to the seat of Russia after his dad kicked the bucket. In November 1741, Elizabeth held onto the seat with the assistance of the Imperial Guards, and officially pronounced her nephew Peter beneficiary to the seat. Diminish was presently 14 years of age, and it was the ideal opportunity for him to discover a lady of the hour. Elizabeth had consistently recollected the group of her dead life partner with affection, and picked Sophie as the lady to be. The Empress Elizabeth appeared to have taken a moment jumping at the chance to Sophie at an early age. Sophie started to gain proficiency with the Russian language and ... <!

Riot Round-Up The Best Books of 2014

Riot Round-Up The Best Books of 2014 We challenged our  contributors to pick their single favorite book  published this year.  The result is this huge, not-small, very big and very eclectic list! We think its hella fine, and hope youll leave your favorite book of 2014 in the comments!    Brown Girl Dreaming by Jacqueline Woodson This book is getting a lot of attention recently due to some less than favorable situations that occurred at the National Book Awards. However, the one plus side to that has been the fact that so many more people have been exposed to Brown Girl Dreaming. I was not prepared at all for what this book was. I went into it with slight hesitation. I don’t read a lot of middle grade books. I am not extremely comfortable with books written in verse. But everything about this book was perfection. Jacqueline Woodson’s experiences are so real and honest and provide such insight into the life of a young black girl growing up in the South in the 1960s. I have been shoving this book into people’s hands since I’ve read it and I can see myself continuing to do so for a long, long time. -Rincey Abraham    The Girl With All the Gifts by M.R. Carey This is one of those books that gives away very little at the outset.  You have a very limited view of the events that are occurring and an even narrower view of the world in which those events take place. What you do have is insight of a very special little girl named Melanie. I could spend a lot of time and space explaining the intricacies of the world that she lives in, but I wouldn’t want to deprive any of you of the wonder that comes with experiencing the world through her eyes. It’s a dangerous place, but then she’s not exactly safe to be around, either.  The book is suspenseful, violent, and dark, but it is also full of innocence. It charts the beginning of a new world, and Melanie is the one who will show us how to survive in it. -Cassandra Neace   Thunderstruck by Elizabeth McCracken Elizabeth McCracken is a national treasure, and every new book from her is a cause for celebration. Especially this, her first collection of short stories in twenty years! Thunderstruck is nine stories that combine melancholy and humor, and have more hopes dashed than dashes of hope. But that is what makes her writing so perfect, so real. The stories are full of the most precise, beautiful sentences recounting slightly dark or tragic events. There’s grieving mothers, murdered library patrons, disappointing children each story is a brilliant tale with a gothic sheen. To recap: I love her. Elizabeth McCracken’s books are rare astrological events that happen once every several years, and should not be missed. And if two decades is what she needs to produce another collection like this, I can’t wait for 2034. -Liberty Hardy   The Bone Clocks by David Mitchell I put a lot of pressure on this book to be great. Mitchell is on my living-authors Mt. Rushmore, so while I’m probably predisposed to adore his every published word, each new release has a whole lot to live up to. For me, The Bone Clocks rose to the challenge. The novel follows a young girl named Holly through the tumultuous, fantastical decades of her life, while in typical Mitchell fashion weaving into the central narrative snatches of other characters’ stories, all of which orbit Holly in significant ways. Mitchell is a master of planting seeds early in novels that take their sweet time sprouting, so I won’t say more about the plot, but I can tell you that the sprouts are worth it. If the book is flawed, its flaws are born of high-wire-act ambition, always worth the price of admission. The Bone Clocks is a big book in every sense of the word, and it carried the weight of all my expectations straight to the top of the very steep mountain that is my list of wonderful books i n 2014. -Josh Corman   My Salinger Year by Joanna Rakoff My Salinger Year is the story of Joanna Rakoff’s first year out of college, when she became an assistant at the literary agency that represented J.D. Salinger. This book is a coming-of-age memoir with a literary industry twist, the story of a woman working and realizing her own creative aspirations. But it’s not all insider reporting from the literary world it’s also insufficient funds, bad boyfriends, friendship angst, and cold New York winters. I read it in one day nearly in one sitting on a flight from the west coast to the east; I didn’t want to leave the world that Rakoff captured, and when the book ended, it was with such love, such care, such a tender touch that I wished I could talk to my seatmate about it. -Dana Staves   Yes Please  by Amy Poehler My reasons are a little biased and really personal to my reading experience. The night of Amy Poehler’s book event in Boston, I had to make a therapy appointment because my depression was getting out of control again. Yes Please became that right book at the right time, like that song that shows up on the radio right when you’re feeling angry or upset or even happy. Reading the book was like its own sort of therapy for me, which says a lot, given that I hadn’t felt the “reading bug” for weeks and weeks. -Amanda Diehl    Land of Love and Drowning by Tiphanie Yanique This novel knocked the breath out of me when I first read it, and I’ve been thinking about it and returning to it for months since. Through a story about two sisters who lose their parents in a shipwreck and are left to navigate life largely on their own, Yanique shows us the Virgin Islands in the early twentieth century, a nation in transition viewed through the lens of a family bound by magic and curses and the simple tragedy of being human. This is a book that makes its own gravity; Yanique’s gorgeous sentences and captivating characters took hold of me and refused to let go, while the ideas they challenged me to explore demanded that I read slowly and paused often. This is a book about family and history and sex and culture and the hunger for a life that is bigger, richer, fuller, longer. It’s about how we are beautiful, and how we are broken. This is a book that does what great books are meant to do, and it’s one that reminded me why I read and why books matter. -Rebecca Joines Schinsky   Guy in Real Life by Steve Brezenoff: I almost feel as though my selection for Best Book of 2014 is unfair. I’ve been talking about this delightful Young Adult novel non-stop throughout the year, and pretty much knew it was my favorite book of 2014 back in the Spring when I had an ARC. I’m sorry, other books released this year. You didn’t stand a chance. The first thing that pulled me into this book was the flawless cover, which reminded me of the golden days of playing games like Quest for Glory, King’s Quest, Space Quest… basically all of those Sierra Quest-ish games on the PC, that I adored as a kid and played as a teenager. And the story, of two geeks that bond over RPGS and MMOS over the course of a narrative full of geeky charm… I’ve said it before, and I’ll say it again: it felt like this book was written just for me. And the confusion that the quirky, nerdy characters feel throughout the novel, what they want, their struggles with identity and their future… it all feels so very real, even when the narrative takes you into the realms of games they are playing. In fact, sometimes that’s where things feel the most real. So yes. Best Book of 2014, right here. Go buy it.  -Eric Smith   The Book of Strange New Things by Michel Faber The best science-fiction isn’t about the future, it’s about the essence of humanity. I could easily try and sell you on this book by bringing up its sci-fi plot points, an alien race, a collapsing Earth, and all that. They’re all expertly done, but what makes this book transcend into the upper echelon of sci-fi is its look into one man’s heart. Faber’s novel set on a planet being colonized by a huge corporation has the unlikely subjects of religious faith, marriage, addiction, compassion, and serving the greater good. It takes on these big philosophical issues in a story that manages to both unfold slowly and move breathlessly forward. It’s a book that takes root in your heart and stays there for a long while. -Jessica Woodbury Everything I Never Told You by Celeste Ng Lydia, a favorite teenaged daughter to a Chinese father and a white mother, dies in the first sentence. The rest of the book is about how that happened, the family secrets and pressures and heartbreaks that led to it happening, and all the things we never admit to the ones we love, or to ourselves. This is a heavy consideration of race, gender, and family, wrapped up in a mystery that will keep you turning the pages until you look up and wonder how you read that entire book in one sitting. -Amanda Nelson The Three-Body Problem by Cixin Liu The Three-Body Problem, already a huge hit in China, is now the very first Chinese science fiction novel available for English-language readers. Here, Liu asks us to imagine what life was like during China’s Cultural Revolution in the 1960s and then apply that knowledge of intellectual harassment and violent suppression to the present-day, and to an opportunity to make first contact with an alien race. Should the human race resist such a meeting, or welcome the aliens with open arms, in the hope that otherworldly brains can save humanity from its self-destructive tendencies? And there’s so much more: physics, math, astrophysics, a virtual-reality “game” in which people try to solve the “three-body problem,” and all written so that a non-science person like me can understand it. Add to that Ken Liu’s beautiful, elegant translation. The Dark Forest, the next novel in the trilogy, is out in English next year. -Rachel Cordasco   Red or Dead by David Peace Way back in March I picked Red or Dead  as my favorite book of the month. Even though it’s been eight months worth of reading since then, I am still going to pick Red or Dead as my favorite book of 2014. It’s the kind of book that sticks with you (literally). David Peace’s writing reverberates in your head, pulling you along headfirst into the story of Manager Bill Shankly and the Liverpool Football Club from 1959 1974. This sounds like a book for sports fans, right? And it is. But that is not all it is. No, sir. Red or Dead  is a feat of  writing. The manner in which Peace shares this history with us is just as important as the story itself. It’s not often that writing can transport you through style. Peace more than just succeeds in this. He excels. He uses cadence and repetition and staccato rhythm and all of a sudden he puts us in the stands, in Bill’s home, in the locker room. We are at home, at Anfield. LI-VER-POOL, LI-VER-POOL, LI-VER-POOL. -Preeti Chhibber   Being Mortal  by Atul Gawande Being Mortal is a thought-provoking book confronting the difficult topics of aging and death. While it might sound morbid, Gawande writes beautifully and eloquently on the subject, discussing how we do ourselves and our parents and grandparents a disservice by not discussing death more openly. Gawande views the subject of elder care and death through a unique cultural lens because of his South Asian background, but also discusses it in his professional capacity as a surgeon. He writes compassionately but also convincingly about how we must change our views on mortality, relating his own difficult experiences watching his father’s decline. It’s a gorgeous, moving book that should be required reading for anyone and everyone. -Swapna Krishna   The Best Horror Of The Year: Volume 6  by Ellen Datlow Ellen Datlow is a remarkable name in fiction. To my knowledge, I’ve never read a single piece of fiction by her (I don’t know that she’s written any) but all I have to do is see  Edited by Ellen Datlow on a cover of an anthology, and I will buy it on the spot, sight-unseen. There are many amazing editors in the world, but in my humble opinion, she tops them all. I doubt I’d get much argument on this point. Her eye for horror fiction is particularly astute (it links up to my own tastes very well), and this year it’s as razor sharp as ever. Best Horror of the Year 6 contains stories by people like Neil Gaiman, Kim Newman, Nina Allan and Brian Hodge, and every story is excellent. They vary from each other, they are deep and intelligent and very definitely horror. Her record for editing staggering anthologies continues unabated. This is well worth your time. On a personal note, my copy was given to me by the Book Rioters who descended on the Book Expo America last year (Book Rioters are the best people in the world. You know this.) It is signed and personalized to me. I cannot convey how I geeked out about that. I’ve been a fan of Ellen Datlow since I was 15 or so. This anthology is a thing I will grab if the house catches on fire. -Peter Damien   Station Eleven by Emily St. John Mandel There are very few books that I read where I’m hooked by the first chapter. It usually takes me a quarter to a third of the book to settle in and know I’m in it for the long haul. SometimesI get shivers just thinking about itsometimes I pick up a book, though, and know immediately. I know that I will sit and read that book until it’s done in one go. I know that I will have a book hangover with the same great and damaging effects as 14 shots of tequila. I know that I will underline and dogear my way through the whole book (something I don’t normally do). Station Eleven was that book for me this year. -Nikki Steele   Stone Mattress: Nine Tales by Margaret Atwood Ive been a long-time Atwood fan, but I wasnt sure what to expect with Stone Mattress (mainly because I was just coming off the heels of reading the the last book in the MaddAddam trilogy, which is very different, thematically). However, I think I may have enjoyed Stone Mattress even more than previous books: there is a delightfully sinister undercurrent threaded throughout the stories, which explore the darkest and saddest parts of human existence in relatable, almost mundane contexts. I wont go into too much detail about the contents of the nine individual stories, but rest assured they will leave you nodding with understanding, gasping in surprise, and reveling in the mastery of Atwoods use of language and emotion. Rita Meade The Angel of Losses  by Stephanie Feldman It’s weird to say, but I read my favorite book of 2014 in 2013. Just about a year ago, I picked The Angel of Losses up, somewhat randomly, and I’ve been singing its praises ever since. A beautiful accomplishment, Feldman’s debut novel has it all, as I cataloged in an Inbox/Outbox last December: “Jewish folklore. Family secrets. Hidden identities. Hidden notebooks. Bitter estrangements. The pastâ€"pastsâ€"roaring up to meet the present.” It’s excellently written, cleverly plotted, generously felt, and just plain fun. So give yourself a great Hanukkah present this year and get a copy of The Angel of Losses to read, love, and share. -Derek Attig   The Empathy Exams by Leslie Jamison I started reading The Empathy Exams while sitting in the airport, waiting for a red-eye flight home. Even in the middle of a mental haze, I knew this was going to be one of those books that bent my brain and made me think in a new way. This essay collection is a wide-ranging look at empathy and the world of pain and suffering, but its not doom and gloom. Leslie Jamison is profoundly curious and willing to interrogate herself and others as she explores these issues. Ive shoved this book at more people than I can count because it was just so great. -Kim Ukura   Fourth of July Creek by Smith Henderson I wanted to rub my face all over it before I read it (because it feels really good), and then when I finished it I wanted to rub my face all over it so maybe some genius would be absorbed through my pores. Social worker, Pete Snow, tries to help a malnourished boy who lives in the Montana woods. He meets the kid’s dad and tries to help. Pete’s own life spins out of control, and he finds himself in the middle of a manhunt. Not only was this the best book I’ve read all year, it’s one of the best books I have EVER read. They hand out big shiny prizes for books like these. -Emily Gatlin Pointe by Brandy Colbert I’ve talked about this book left and right all year, and there’s good reason: it’s an example of exemplary-executed, memorable, and gut-punching YA. Theo is an elite black ballerina in a world where she stands out for that. Her best friend Donovan has just returned after being kidnapped four years ago, and when he comes back, everything that Theo dealt with in her past comes flooding back, as well. Pointe is about what happens when relationships aren’t what they seem, the value of friends you can rely on (as well as those you can’t), disordered eating, mental illness, and it features a knock-out voice. While there are a lot of things going on in the story, many relayed through Theo’s memory, they’re layered and braided together strongly. Theo is imperfect and flawed and rough and misguided and makes some really bad choices. But those things are what make her story compelling. This book, along with Isabel Quintero’s Gabi, A Girl in Pieces rest together on my shelf for killer realistic fiction in YA that I would recommend to anyone looking for some of the best of the best in 2014. -Kelly Jensen The Moon Sisters by Therese Walsh Ever since I read The Moon Sisters twice in March of this year, this book has stayed with me, in my heart, in my mind, and in my life. The Moon Sisters is the second novel by Therese Walsh, who I consider to be one of the best writers today. In alternating chapters, the story is told in first person by sisters Jazz and Olivia Moon, providing the reader direct insight into individual family members’ experience of the same situations. The Moon Sisters deals with loss, grief, family, sisterhood, and parenthood. Add to these explosive ingredients Olivia Moon, a headstrong young woman with synesthesia, who blinds herself by looking into the sun before she goes off on a roadtrip to fulfill one of her late mother’s dreams. -EH Kern   Lucky Us by Amy Bloom I loved Lucky Us so much I have not seen it since I read it it’s getting passed around to every single reader I know and I can only pray that it returns to me. The story is almost indescribable, but centers around two sisters, making their way in the World War II world, piecing together home, friends and family as they go along. The book is written in letters and in sort of fictional memoir. It’s got a whirlwind of a plot that zigs just when you’re sure it’s gonna zag: first it’s about the girls being deserted by their moms, running away from their dad, making it big in Hollywood, crapping out, returning to New York, finding love, taking on careers as showgirl, nanny, and tarot reader, acquiring childrenomg, and that’s just to start. What I might love most is the way Bloom touches on just about every aspect of the modern novel conceit, without stopping to really examine anything in too much depth, so the themes race relations, orphaned children, adultery, war, politics, sexuality are very present and vibrantly crucial to the story, but the story is about the characters, period, and while they are made up of their issues, there is always something more, something loving and wonderful, to keep you in the moment and waiting for the next. There’s a reason it was a Riot Read book. We loved it, you will too. -Alison Peters   The Martian by Andy Weir By all accounts, Andy Weir’s novel about a mission to Mars that lands one astronaut believed to be dead by his crew alone on the planet is not in my wheelhouse by any means. Sci fi, even hard sci fi, is a hard sell for me, despite my love for dystopian and post-apocalyptic fiction. But oh man, did it check all my boxes. It feels redundant to recap this book since it’s been ALL OVER the Riot this year. It came out in February, and while I had lots of favorites over the course of the year, this near-future sci-fi novel was the barometer by which I measured all others. The humor, the voice, the suspense will he make it or won’t he all marked the novel as the most entertaining book I read all year. And now that it’s being made into a movie (with Matt Damon starring as astronaut Mark Watney) I have even more reasons to shove it into everyone’s hands. And I do mean everyone The Martian is officially being added to my list of Swiss Army recommendations. -Rachel Manwill   The Sleeper And The Spindle by Neil Gaiman Always a fan of fairy tale retellings, this story was made even better by its beautiful illustrations by Chris Riddell. These illustrations enhance the book into something of a work of art, and a thing to treasure. But the story itself is also special and enchanting. Inspired by both Snow White and Sleeping Beauty, this is a tale that felt both timeless and empowering, with familiar parts of these traditional tale twisted around, and women as autonomous heroes and surprising villains. -Rah Carter   Liesmith by Alis Franklin I rarely read currently, as I have such a huge backlog of books that I want to read, so the fact that I pulled Liesmith right off the first email I got from NetGalley says a lot for how attracted I was to it. It had all the right ticks for me: interracial romance (technically interspecies, but we wont go into that), the protagonist is a Person of Color, there are fluid and thoughtful conversations about and concepts of sexuality, and the concept is based in a mythology that I didnt have a great deal of experience withso much so that I actually went back to read up on Norse Mythology. Add to that fascinating worldbuilding and excellent storytelling heavily infused with snark and adorableness, and its no wonder Im still thinking about it. Is this the most highly-acclaimed, award-winning book published this year? Doubtful. Is it my favorite from the past twelve months? Most definitely. -Jessica Pryde   The Fever by Megan Abbott Explorations of teen relationships that treat teen girls as actual human beings always fascinate me. I loved Dare Me and The End of Everything, so I just knew I’d love The Fever, too. I was very excited to get my hands on it, and once I did, I read it blazingly fast. Abbott’s writing is lovely and tense, and she perfectly captures the claustrophobic feeling of being a girl pulled in too many directions by different friend groups, family, and your own wants and desires. -Jeanette Solomon   Boy, Snow, Bird by Helen Oyeyemi Boy, Snow, Bird does the single most interesting thing in American letters: combine original style with the central American story, race. While Oyeyemis writing is unlike Morrisons, it leads to a similar place: graceful, profound, and transformative art about identity, oppression, and transformation. Oyeyemi has repeatedly taken the allegorical nature of fairy tales and used it against them by bringing them back to our twisted, knotty lives, with endings that exceed our desires even as they defy them. -Jeff ONeal The Wilds by Julia Elliott I had such a hard time picking my favorite book of 2014 so I chose The Wilds based on which author I’d like to read again. The creativity and unbridled view of the future is beautifully done in this Southern Gothic short story collection. I was fascinated by a short piece in which the elderly main character receives the help of robotic legs as she struggles with past romances. Another short is a bit more down to Earth, yet not so grounded at the same time a young girl goes on a slumber party and witnesses the death of a friend’s religiously zealous grandmother. This is wacky, bizarre content, but with a nice dose of realism even in the most absurd points. If you like Karen Russell, this is a good choice for you.  Tin House Books published the book and I can appreciate this, as well. This collection has a nice shot of quirkiness in it that isnt found everyday and Tin House is the perfect vehicle to bring Julia Elliotts work to readers. What surprised me about this collection thoug h was that it never felt like it was overly striving for a literary voice, which many short story collections are plagued with. Instead, it was something to be lost in. Of the books Ive read this year, this one made me want to read more and I look forward to her novel in 2015. -Jessi Lewis Jackaby by William Ritter William Ritters debut novel  Jackaby  was sold to me as Doctor Who meets Sherlock Holmes. This might be the most apt book pitch Ive ever heard. Take a dash of supernatural, mix it with the (good) Doctor-Companion dynamic and top it off with a preternaturally brilliant, but socially oblivious detective and you have the basic recipe for Jackaby. Im desperately hoping that this is the start of a series that I will get to enjoy for sequels to come. The titular character is the detective in question whom our narrator becomes attached to via employment as his investigative assistant. Abigail Rook escaped the life of proper ladyhood to run off on an archeological dig that proved fruitless. When her travels washed her up in America, she was desperate for income and a roof over her head, two things R. F. Jackaby and his supernatural roommates were willing to provide, provided she was willing to accept their reality. At its core, Jackaby is a supernatural murder mystery and it skillfully keeps you at bay whilst tossing out the occasional red herring. One thing I should point out that I particularly adored was (and mind you, this book is branded as Young Adult) it is not a romance! Brandi Bailey   Wolf in White Van by John Darnielle John Darnielle is my favorite songwriter, which is saying something for me considering that we live in a world that has Bruce Springsteen, and also since my brother is all the voice of his generation and stuff, so I was nervous going into this due to the potential it had to disappoint me (spoiler alert: it did not). It is, as often his songs are, a beautifully written, hopeful piece about a series of ugly, frightening things. It is about facial disfigurement and the difference between a childs imagination vs. an adults and role playing through the apocalypse and hospital stays and high school and court cases and what happens when your inner life becomes vastly more appealing than your outer existence, and its about trauma that youre forced to live with and trauma you have to let go of to live, and it is phenomenal. -Cristin Stickles   Love, Nina by Nina Stibbe Love, Nina is eccentric and British and literary and witty and domestic and unconventional… all things that I love. It’s the true story of a nanny in London in the eighties, who moves in with the formidable Mary-Kay Wilmers, the long-time editor of the London Review of Books, to help out with her two sons. The whole book is letters that Nina (the nanny) wrote home to her sister, providing a glimpse behind the scenes of literary life in 1980’s London complete with playwright and essayist Alan Bennett popping round for dinner. The New York Times compared it to 84, Charing Cross Road, and Nick Hornby called it funny and eccentric; for me it was an easy choice as my favorite new book of 2014. I already want to read it again. -Christy Childers   An Untamed State by Roxane Gay This year Roxane Gay changed the conversation about literature, feminism, and pop culture. Her debut novel, An Untamed State, has stuck with me more than anything else I’ve read this year. It tackles political, social, cultural, and sexual issues that are often brushed aside in literature, and does so with gasp-causing precision. The raw power of the prose will make you reexamine what it means to be truly afraid, while the prose itself is fearless. While you’ll likely camp out and finish this book in a day or two, it will stay with you. -Aram Mrjoian   One More Thing: Stories and Other Stories by B.J. Novak I didn’t really plan to read B.J. Novak’s short stories, but a friend picked me up a copy at a signing and I thought I’d give them a chance. I assumed this would be a celebrity vanity project, and I was so, so pleasantly surprised. The book is funny and smart and meta and is just on the edge of being too funny and too smart and too meta but never crosses the line. There was something about it that reminded me of some great midcentury humor writing, but it also felt very modern. My favorite stories in the bunch: “The Something by John Grisham,” “Kate Moss,” and “J.C. Audetat, Translator of Don Quixote.”   (Book that might have edged this one out for my favorite of 2014 if I had finished it before this deadline: Texts from Jane Eyre) -Jesse Doogan   All My Puny Sorrows by Miriam Toews (Agonizingly and narrowly beating out Into the Blizzard: Walking the Fields of the Newfoundland Dead by Michael Winter). It was my favourite at the mid-point of the year and it’s still my favourite now. This. Novel. Is. A. Triumph. (And it should have won the Giller, because the Giller people are ridiculous, but that’s ok I can forgive a lot of things.) -Brenna Clarke Gray   The Children Act by Ian McEwan This sobering, beautifully written novel is about a family court judge presiding over the case of a seventeen-year-old Jehovah’s Witness who refuses a life saving blood transfusion on religious grounds. In the hands of a lesser writer this kind of story could easily become an obvious religious freedom vs. child welfare debate, but of course McEwan is smarter than that and delivers a page turning and thought provoking weekend read. -Kate Scott   A Girl is a Half-Formed Thing by Eimear McBride I don’t know if it’s because I’ve been paying better attention, or if this year truly was a landmark year for books that dug deep into women’s experiences. At the very least, it was for me. There were so many stunners: All the Birds, Singing by Evie Wyld; The Dept. of Speculation by Jenny Offill; This One Summer by Jillian and Mariko Tamaki; Friendship by Emily Gould; Bad Feminist by Roxane Gay; The Empathy Exams by Leslie Jamison; The Girl in the Road by Monica Byrne; Boy, Snow, Bird by Helen Oyeyemi; I am hard-pressed not to turn this into a full-fledged recap of each and every one of them. But the one that was the hardest and most rewarding read, probably because it was the furthest outside my comfort zone, was A Girl is a Half-Formed Thing. Written in fragmentary prose which is not at all my usual jam it tells a story small in plot but incredibly powerful in emotion. The main character’s life has been shaped by her older brother’s lifelong illness and her mother’s conflicted but intense piety, and she’s fighting a losing battle to find personal freedom. It’s a glorious and painful read from the first page to the last. -Jenn Northington   The New Black edited by Richard Thomas This is an anthology of what the editor defines as “neo-noir.” I made the mistake when I started of both thinking that it was going to be the Raymond Chandler-type noir and, after reading the introduction, of thinking the stories were horror. I was wrong on both assumptions. This collection doesn’t have a single detective standing outside in the rain thinking about a broad that was more trouble than she is worth. What it does have, however, is a collection of stories that are all dark, and are all written by people possessed of talent. Roxane Gay’s story alone is worth the price of the book, as is Craig Wallwork’s. I’ve read a lot of anthologies this year (in fact, I think I read more anthologies than novels) and this, ladies and gentlemen, is the standout. Short story anthologies are like boxes of chocolate; you never like every piece, and people have different favorites. But The New Black, that’s the kind of chocolate box your mom would only buy at Christmas. A cut ab ove the rest. -Johann Thorsson   The Chocolate Temptation by Laura Florand I feel like I spent the entire year raving about Laura Florand, and this book is a perfect example of why. Set in a three-Michelin-starred pastry restaurant, Florand takes a traditional Cinderella-esque story and twists it around so that both the charming prince and the dogged heroine wind up being their own “fairy godmothers,” all while maintaining the story’s fairy tale sensibility. Some people don’t like Cinderella stories, but I personally love them, not to mention charming-but-inwardly-broody heroes, multicultural heroines (Sara Lin is half-Korean), and romances that directly address power imbalances between the hero and heroine. If the beginning and ending of this book hadn’t dragged out unnecessarily, The Chocolate Temptation would be on my shortlist of favorite books EVER, and not just of 2014. -Tasha Brandstatter   The Zone of Interest by Martin Amis Writing a comic novel about the Holocaust is certainly a gamble, and there’s no question this book (and Amis in general) isn’t for everybody. Both his French and German publishers balked, and I was skeptical. But The Zone of Interest is funny, affecting, smart, sad, sick, and disgusting. His three narratorsa mini-Eichmann running a fictional Auschwitz, a Teutonic-Romantic public-private liaison, and a Jew who helps in the extermination in exchange for some extra food and a bit more time to liverevolve and move about the camp, with little more plot than the quotidian insanity guiding the action. But quotidian insanity is one thing comic novels are good for, dark comic novels in particular. The whole time I read this book I was deeply aware it wasn’t for everyone. But I was also aware that it may have been the most moving thing I’d consumed about the Holocaust in a long time. -Nicole Perrin   Gunpowder Alchemy (Gunpowder Chronicles Book 1) by Jeannie Lin I enjoyed Lin’s Tang Dynasty historical romances, but I wasn’t exactly excited that she was branching out to steampunk fantasy. Steampunk is a genre that hasn’t really grabbed me: too many contraptions and infodumps, too little character and plot. But thankfully I put aside my reservations and gave Gunpowder Alchemy a try. Its set in a nineteenth century when gunpowder-based China’s Qing Dynasty has lost its precious harbors to England’s steam powered ships and airships. After the defeat, Jin Soling’s engineer father was scapegoated by the furious Emperor, leaving her to provide for her opium-addicted mother and young brother in a rural community far from their home in Peking. Gunpowder Alchemy follows Soling’s story as she sets out for the city to sell one of her father’s old trinkets, and quickly finds herself embroiled in political and military intrigue, a pawn in various schemes to advance her father’s work. I was fascinated by the richly detailed setting not j ust machinery, weapons and warfare, but culture, food, and dress and the way that Victorian England was made strange by being narrated from Chinese characters’ perspectives. Soling is a great heroine in the YA tradition: smart but naive, her experiences and interactions broaden and complicate her worldview. Is it worth restoring a tarnished family name in a corrupt society? Who should Soling trust when she’s not even sure what she should want? This is the first book I’ve read this year that I’ve confidently shared with my middle grade and teen sons and my historian husband. Gunpowder Alchemy was a thrilling surprise in every way. -Jessica Tripler Annihilation by Jeff VanderMeer It’s ridiculous how much I’ve talked about this book since I finished it last February. In that time, I’ve cornered family members, friends, certain trees, exotic snails, everyone, saying the same words every time: You Need To Read This. Area X is a strange and pristine wilderness that sprang into existence many years ago, and since it’s inception, has been studied by the Southern Reach, a shadowy government agency tasked with deciphering Area X and its intent. Annihilation follows the four women of the twelfth expedition, as they once more breach the wall between our world and Area X, and chronicle what they find there. There is fascination and dread from page one, as these four women try to understand the landscape of Area X and work to plumb its depths for the truth. What follows is a harrowing, terrifying, poignant and heartbreaking exploration into humanity’s relationship with the world around, and ultimately, our relationship to each other. I had to read this book slowly, like drinking a fine wine. Clocking in a little under two hundred pages, Annihilation can’t be rushed, nor should it. VanderMeer’s writing forces you to slow down, to notice everything, to work for every glimpse of understanding, every bit of truth to the real purpose of Area X. VanderMeer makes it look easy, flowing from moments of abject horror to deep and agonizing character study to exploration of the weird and uncanny. If you haven’t read Annihilation yet, please do, and come discover the haunting heart of Area X. -Martin Cahill Love Me Back by Merritt Tierce I love books about flawed people. I think about our collective flaws a lot, especially against the backdrop of our culture that’s so hungry to act as judge, jury, and executioner in the comments sections of the Internet. In Love Me Back, Marie is a self-destructive teen mother who loses custody of her infant daughter to the only man who ever loved her. Working odd jobs in restaurants around Houston, she keeps right on that path of sex, drugs, and self-destruction to the bitter end â€" girl just can’t keep her shit together. Love Me Back isn’t a happy story, but it’s a beautiful and true story. It’s a prayer to everything broken, vulnerable, and human in each of us. -Rachel Smalter Hall The Winter People by Jennifer McMahon This book didn’t get much hype, but it came out at the beginning of the year and I could not put it down. I read right through it in two days (which is very fast for me). It’s creepy, but not so scary that you can’t read at night. It keeps you guessing until the end, and there is something for those who love supernatural, mystery, historical fiction, and a little thriller/light horror. Now that it’s winter again, it’s the perfect time to pick up this book, curl up under some blankets, and give yourself a good thrill. Be prepared to not stop reading until the end! -Wallace Yovetich Faces in the Crowd by Valeria Luiselli What does it say that my three favorite books this year were all written by women? (And two-thirds of those written by non-U.S. authors.) Are publishers taking more chances on diverse voices? Are media outlets more willing to publicize writers who don’t look like a version of Jonathan Franzen? Whatever’s happening, let’s double down in 2015. Two of my Top Three of 2014 were chosen by other Rioters for this list. (Right on, Jenn and Kim!) My pick is the effortlessly modern, undeniably charming Faces in the Crowd. Open this book and you’re sure to connect with something in Valeria Luiselli’s bohemian storyline: Stifled creativity. Complicated relationships. Beauty. Art. Clogged toilets. Written in short, deceptively simple vignettes that vacillate between real time and flashbacks, Faces in the Crowd will engage you with such easygoing skill, you might not notice it’s pure genius. -Margret Aldrich What was your favorite book of 2014? ____________________ The Book Riot Store is here! Get your favorite Book Riot t-shirts, bookish totes, and other literary swag to wear, share, and show off!

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Essay on Social Organized Crime Perspective - 729 Words

Social Organized Crime Prespective Nelson Mieles University of Phoenix Criminal Organizations CJA 393 James K. Roberts, M.A. January 11, 2011 Social Institution A social institution is a group that someone lives and grows up in. These institutions or groups have a goal or task to complete. For example, a school is an educational social institution in which either children or adults go to learn a way of life. Social institutions are based on structures of relationships, functions, roles, and obligations. People who live their lives with the concept of right and wrong have positive values. People who do not consider these values are known to be antisocial. Social institutions that people learn their socialization from are†¦show more content†¦The social control theory asserts that an individual, who is involved with a community and has strong family relations, will be less likely to engage in illegal activity than those who do not. If an individual is capable of establishing a positive link with community members, becomes involved and participates in community programs, such as youth, elderly, religious-spiritual, a nd anti-crime, the individual will most likely refrain from engaging in criminal activity. He or she will consider the consequences of a criminal act prior to committing the act (Psychological Glossary, 2010). The differential association theory considers ones social group and environment as the fundamental explanation for ones criminal behavior and the formation and joining of criminal organizations. An individual who socializes with a group or other individuals who have a history with the legal system or who engage in illegal activity are at an extremely high-risk to conform to the norms of that particular social sub-group. A prime example is a teenager who becomes involved in delinquent criminal behavior and activity as a result of peer pressure. These juveniles are susceptible to withdrawing from school, joining criminal organizations, such as street gangs, and experimenting with illegal substances and alcohol, all of which continues the juvenile down a path of addiction, career criminality,Show MoreRelatedSocial Organized Crime Perspective886 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Organized Crime Perspective May 21, 2012 CJA 384 Social Organized Crime Perspective Organized crime is found in the United States of America today and the law enforcement agencies are trying to find a way to curb its existence. Even though there are illegal businesses associated with organized crime, they are mixed in with legal businesses to portray a legal front. 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In this paper we will review the term social institution as it applies to organized crime, and revealRead More Profile of a Hate Crime Offender Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesProfile of a Hate Crime Offender Sterilized from emotion, hate crime, also called bias crime, is those offenses motivated in part or singularly by personal prejudice against other because of a diversity-race, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity/national origin, or disability. Hate crimes are committed out of anger, ignorance, and lack of knowledge of another’s ideas and beliefs. There are many causes for an individual to commit a hate crime. Also, many differentRead MoreThe Memorable Periold of the 1920s in The Great Gatsby by F. 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Choosing a Career in Botany Free Essays

Choosing a career in botany ensures a person a wide choice of career opportunities, a fair salary, and an exciting life. If you prepare yourself with a good education and a positive attitude, you†ll be well on your way to becoming a successful botanist. Anyone can find enjoyment and fulfillment in a career field as fun and beneficial to others as botany. We will write a custom essay sample on Choosing a Career in Botany or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you like nature and being outdoors, you might enjoy a career as an ecologist, taxonomist, conservationist, forester, or even a plant explorer. With a job in one of these fields, you might find yourself doing exciting traveling to all types of new and beautiful places. If you take well to mathematics, maybe you should look into a career in biophysics, developmental botany, genetics, modeling, or systems ecology. If chemistry is more your thing, you should enjoy working as a plant physiologist, plant biochemist, molecular biologist, or chemotaxonomist. If you like designs and microscopy, you would probably find plant structure interesting. If microscopic organisms appeal to you, you should look into microbiology, phycology, or mycology. If you are artistic, ornamental horticulture and landscape design might be right up your alley. If you worry about feeding the hungry, you should study plant pathology or plant breeding. At some larger universities, you can even study specific types of botany, each with its own department. These departments include argonomy (field crops), microbiology (microbes like bacteria and fungi), horticulture (fruits, ornamentals, and veggies), and plant pathology (diseases pertaining to plants). If you are a people person, you might even be interested in teaching botany or providing public service. After hearing the endless list of career opportunities, you have probably found one that appeals to you. But how should you prepare for your new career in the wonderful world of botany? Well, first you should keep in mind that four years of college and a Bachelor†s degree are the bare essentials for most of the careers aforementioned. If you have these requirements, careers as laboratory technicians or technical assistants in education, industry, government, museums, parks and botanical gardens are all readily available. However, there are great deals of other positions where a Master†s or Doctor†s degree is essential. For most teaching and research positions in universities and colleges, a Ph. D. is vital. For those of you still in high school, its never too early to plan ahead. When selecting your courses be sure to include college preparatory classes including English, mathematics, foreign language, physics, chemistry, biology, social studies and humanities. You should also participate in science fairs and clubs. Try getting summer jobs and/or internships having to do with biology. Try looking for jobs in parks, plant nurseries, farms, experiment stations, laboratories, camps, florist shops, or check with your local landscape architect. Try adding camping, photography, and computers to your list of hobbies. You should also get information on colleges and universities offering a good education in botany. If you are interested in botany, it should be for your genuine love of the science, not the money. Back in 1993, students graduating with Bachelor†s degrees received starting offers of about $24,000 a year. Those people with Master†s degrees were offered salaries starting at $30,650. Botanists in civilian positions were given an average salary of $35,084. Those who were federally employed received an average $41,754. Careers in botany offer individual freedom, varied work, pleasant surroundings, inspiring coworkers, and travel opportunities. The availability of jobs is good. Some fields can be competitive, but jobs are usually available for well-trained scientists. So no matter where you come from, how smart you are, or what your background, there is a career in botany for you. Everyone can find delight with this field of careers. So next time you wonder what to be when you grow up, or think about how you hate your job, remember, a career as a botanist may be just what the doctor ordered. How to cite Choosing a Career in Botany, Papers Choosing a Career in Botany Free Essays Choosing a career in botany ensures a person a wide choice of career opportunities, a fair salary, and an exciting life. If you prepare yourself with a good education and a positive attitude, you†ll be well on your way to becoming a successful botanist. Anyone can find enjoyment and fulfillment in a career field as fun and beneficial to others as botany. We will write a custom essay sample on Choosing a Career in Botany or any similar topic only for you Order Now If you like nature and being outdoors, you might enjoy a career as an ecologist, taxonomist, conservationist, forester, or even a plant explorer. With a job in one of these fields, you might find yourself doing exciting traveling to all types of new and beautiful places. If you take well to mathematics, maybe you should look into a career in biophysics, developmental botany, genetics, modeling, or systems ecology. If chemistry is more your thing, you should enjoy working as a plant physiologist, plant biochemist, molecular biologist, or chemotaxonomist. If you like designs and microscopy, you would probably find plant structure interesting. If microscopic organisms appeal to you, you should look into microbiology, phycology, or mycology. If you are artistic, ornamental horticulture and landscape design might be right up your alley. If you worry about feeding the hungry, you should study plant pathology or plant breeding. At some larger universities, you can even study specific types of botany, each with its own department. These departments include argonomy (field crops), microbiology (microbes like bacteria and fungi), horticulture (fruits, ornamentals, and veggies), and plant pathology (diseases pertaining to plants). If you are a people person, you might even be interested in teaching botany or providing public service. After hearing the endless list of career opportunities, you have probably found one that appeals to you. But how should you prepare for your new career in the wonderful world of botany? Well, first you should keep in mind that four years of college and a Bachelor†s degree are the bare essentials for most of the careers aforementioned. If you have these requirements, careers as laboratory technicians or technical assistants in education, industry, government, museums, parks and botanical gardens are all readily available. However, there are great deals of other positions where a Master†s or Doctor†s degree is essential. For most teaching and research positions in universities and colleges, a Ph. D. is vital. For those of you still in high school, its never too early to plan ahead. When selecting your courses be sure to include college preparatory classes including English, mathematics, foreign language, physics, chemistry, biology, social studies and humanities. You should also participate in science fairs and clubs. Try getting summer jobs and/or internships having to do with biology. Try looking for jobs in parks, plant nurseries, farms, experiment stations, laboratories, camps, florist shops, or check with your local landscape architect. Try adding camping, photography, and computers to your list of hobbies. You should also get information on colleges and universities offering a good education in botany. If you are interested in botany, it should be for your genuine love of the science, not the money. Back in 1993, students graduating with Bachelor†s degrees received starting offers of about $24,000 a year. Those people with Master†s degrees were offered salaries starting at $30,650. Botanists in civilian positions were given an average salary of $35,084. Those who were federally employed received an average $41,754. Careers in botany offer individual freedom, varied work, pleasant surroundings, inspiring coworkers, and travel opportunities. The availability of jobs is good. Some fields can be competitive, but jobs are usually available for well-trained scientists. So no matter where you come from, how smart you are, or what your background, there is a career in botany for you. Everyone can find delight with this field of careers. So next time you wonder what to be when you grow up, or think about how you hate your job, remember, a career as a botanist may be just what the doctor ordered. How to cite Choosing a Career in Botany, Papers

Principles Of Marketing Case Study Of Crocodile Cleansers - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Principles Of Marketing Case Study Of Crocodile Cleansers. Answer: Ethical Problems from the situation which Robert is facing are as follows: The company "Crocodile Cleansers" is a company which produces cleaning products and is targeting southeast of USA. Their main product- Ab- Stain, a fabric stain remover which available in liquid form only- The new project manager Robert is facing an issue of declining stage due to his new position. Competitiveness vs. Environment: The ethical issue and dilemma of Robert is way too important because competitiveness and environment are tow variables which he needs to actually encounter a lot. Here he needs to see that whether competitiveness is more important in terms of the kind of sprays he is selling or the environmental friendly without hydrocarbon spray is much more needed. Here the ethical issue is of that the producers can continue making hydrocarbon spray for earning profit and competitiveness can be there. Environment can get affected and the producers might not even realize but here the main thing is of the environment where ozone is increasing at such an alarming rate. Short-term consumers' needs and desires vs. Long-term damages to consumers' health: Another ethical issue which needs to be considered here is that of short term consumers needs and desires to the long term thing of understanding consumers health. The issue of going to the extent that the liquid spills on other areas also- this will be very harmful in the long run for everyone. If Robert even goes for the sprays just for profits then what about the health of consumers. The stakeholders like public, Robert, Crocodiles Consumers of the past and present and even all the sick old people who use it- There are 2 perspectives 1) Utilitarian: which considers profit, and more benefits in actual. 2) Deontological: That value must be respected like what would happen if aersosol sprays have a control on the market. CSR and the situation where he can do the same: CSR for any company will always be involving a lot of involvement from the product managers side. Moreover, the CSR which need to be taken in account by the Crocodile Cleansers needs to be in the favor of stakeholders. In this case every company has- In concurring with these components; the decision of keeping "fluid" rendition is moral from the deontological perspective. Truth be told the main right abused (right to pick) can be viewed as a great deal less critical as the rights regarded (to life and to wellbeing). How be productive and moral in the meantime? create and build up a showcasing technique which will portray an another picture of the organization as moral, aware of nature and environment, faithful with its clients in light of the fact that never destructive for them, answerable and overcome in its choice; strengthen the advertising effort through the immediate organization or cooperation with ecological and wellbeing relationship in like manner initiatives, gatherings and distributions, so as to compare Crocodile Cleansers to the names of these prevalent affiliations; inform individuals through the battle about the wellbeing dangers connected to shower items sold by different brands use for the most part social and web promoting, who allow to decrease cost and contact a great deal a bigger number of individuals than conventional ways; References Arthur, 1992, To Spray or Not to Spray, Arthur Andersen Co, SC. All rights reserved. https://wpweb2.tepper.cmu.edu/ethics/AA/mktg25-case.pdf

Attachment Styles and Relationships free essay sample

This paper will discuss how early relationships affect adults relationships later on in life. It will elaborate on the three dimensions each relationship has and they are passion, intimacy and commitment. The paper will include Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory of love. First, there are three types of attachments one may develop when we are infants. The first one is secure attachment. This manifests itself when an infant is with his or her mother and happily explores an unfamiliar environment.Furthermore, when the mother leaves, the infant will become distressed. On the other hand, when the mother returns, the infant runs to her and then continues playing (Bolt, 2004). Next, there is another type called avoidant attachment. These type of infants do not show distress when removed from their mother. They also do not cling to their mother upon reunion. They react to strangers in the same way they do with their mothers. We will write a custom essay sample on Attachment Styles and Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They keep their attention focused on their toys (Bolt, 2004). The last type is called anxious attachment. In unfamiliar settings, these infants ling to their mother and cry when she leaves. However, when she returns, they are hostile. They do not explore their environment. These infants may continue to cry even after being picked up (Bolt, 2004). Attachment Styles and Relationships2 Furthermore, in adults relationships there are also three types. The first one is secure adults. This can be expressed when these adults find it easy to become close in a relationship. Their relationships are characterized by happiness, trust and friendship. They can accept and support their partners despite faults (Bolt, 2004). Next, the next type is avoidant adults. They are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them. It seems that they are afraid to become too close to people. They have emotional highs and lows. They may have intimate relations with a partner without feeling love (Bolt, 2004). The last type of adult relationship is called anxious adults. These types are less trusting and demand reciprocation. They are generally more jealous and possessive. They may break up repeatedly with the same person. They can become angry and emotion hen discussing differences (Bolt, 2004). Furthermore, the reason this is so is because when these adult types were infants they lacked close physical proximity. This is important in any type of relationship. It helps for caregivers to for a bond with infants and adults to develop closeness in a relationship. Also, infants develop a feeling of security when they are held. The lack of this physical proximity contributes to the different attachment problems. This is an important aspect to look into. This means that a couple has to get to know each other’s similarities and differences. This is what brings them close to each other. This also helps the couple to learn what is best for their partner or spouse. Last, there are three types of commitment styles. The first one is personal commitment. This can been seen when two people are together because they enjoy each other. The second type is moral commitment. This happens when people feel an obligation to continue the marriage in order not to break their marital vows. This type of arriage is not based on true love. The third type is called constraint commitment in which people believe that they have to continue a relationship based on social, financial or emotional reasons. This is not a commitment out of love. In conclusion, to maintain a good relationship, a couple should have time to talk to each other. It is important to maintain good communication.

Edit Essay Good Make Paper

Edit Essay Good Make Paper Edit Essay Good Make Paper Edit Essay Good Make Paper Service It is not enough to write an interesting and captivating essay in order to receive a high grade for it; do not forget about this while your own essay writing. If you really want to get the highest grade for writing, you can do nothing but proofread and edit your essay in order it to be of the proper level of professionalism and demonstrate the high level of your education. Edit essay good make paper to be able to claim for the highest grade that is why it is just necessary to make proofreading and editing of your essay if you are dreaming about A+ grade, of course. If you feel experienced enough and able to proofread and edit your essay in a proper way, you are welcome to do it on your own. At this point, we recommend you to reread it for, at least, three times, in order to get rid of the majority of existing mistakes. Involve Your Friends and Family Members If you think that you are not able to cope with edit essay good make paper without any help, ask your relatives or friends to help you with proofreading. However, at this point, you can not guarantee the absence of mistakes as well, because of only professional editors are able to correct all the existing mistakes in essay writing. That is why still you endanger your grade for essay writing. Use Professional Edit Essay Online Service If you do not want to endanger your grade and want to get one hundred percent guarantee that edit essay good make paper you conduct will bring you the highest grade and will get rid your essay of existing grammar mistakes and all the other possible slips of the tongue, we recommend you to make use of professional edit essay management online time service, which we offer at our custom writing site. We do not only have a team of professional custom essay writers, but also a team of professional essay editors who are working in order you can present your essay free of mistakes and some other unsmooth moments, which spoil the impression from your work. We Correct All Grammar Mistakes! Our edit essay good makes paper does not only correct grammar mistakes but also makes your essay to be properly arranged, logically build, and cohesive one. Where else you are going to taste such marvelous servicing. Therefore, make use of our custom writing and edit essay good make paper service and win the highest grade for your hard work: Interesting posts: How to Make a Reaction Paper Good Essay Free Literature Review Full Text Free English Essay Example of a Reaction Paper

Memorandum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Memorandum - Assignment Example Unfortunately, after one year of operations in China, the company’s headquarter did not satisfy the Chinese performance according to the objectives that were set (Bartlett, Christopher, Sumatra, and Paul, 23).  Currently, the organization’s domestic demand was declining as well as its stock price. The new chief executive officer faces a big challenge of building a multinational enterprise due to lack of previous management experience.  The CEO should note that the major problem was due to her difference with Chen in the view and management styles of the market. Other major problems were cultural differences and limited international experience. The CEO should curb the above problems by taking cautious analytical procedures that will make the enterprise to perform efficiently and effectively. The CEO should make the following decisions to solve the problems above:   In the concept of globalization, any element of difference in culture should not be traced in any ca se. Embracing culture will create a platform of togetherness. This will be depicted by preparing meals of different cultures in the cafà ©.   CEO should seek international experience by attending various global workshops that focus on building leadership skills. This will trigger an element of understanding the international appropriately thus doing serious business in the cafà ©. Recommendations of a number of fundamental changes to Levendary Cafà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s new that would significantly affect Levendary’s relationship with Louis Chen, their future growth and expansion prospects in China, and the interrelationship that exists between their Chinese subsidiary and their Denver corporate headquarters. In the beginning, former CEO Howard Leventhal granted great latitude to Chen for their expansion into the Chinese marketplace (Bartlett, Christopher, Sumantra, and Paul, 57).

Strategic Issues and Solutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Issues and Solutions - Assignment Example If the client does not give access to every section- it usually turns down the offer. There are few traditional limitation were observed between the Crispin and the Burger Kind in 2004. The partner's pitched a plan for turning the packaging and tray liners into ad vehicles and changing the doors and parking lot signs before they ever pitched an ad idea. Then at MINI, and now VW, the agency has been creating a line of innovative gear for owners. For a brewing company Molson, they asked to spend $1 million retooling its bottling plant just for putting labels on bottles for Crispin just for using it as canvas for advertising along with some funny pickup lines. One recent decision that could potentially threat the company is of moving creative chief Bogusky, Keller, also 70 other staff to Boulder, Colo., in year 2008. So with many key creative staffers 2,000 miles away, the agency's ecosystem could loosen a bit. It gained popularity by working with major companies like BMW MINI and Truth in 1990 and 2000. The company used best Virtual marketing techniques, as used for Burger King's subservient chicken campaign (check this website- www.subservientchicken.com).It is also a member of MDC Partners (MDCA) which s a provider of marketing communications services to customers worldwide. In November 2007, MDC is raising its share from 49 per cent to 77 per cent. As it is one of the largest Advertising Company it has more than 650 employees which is one of the strength of this company. They are able to provide with innovative and creative advertising which makes them stand out in the advertising world. They have a diversify list of clients which makes them globally very popular. In 2006 the Crispin Porter & Bogusky got introduced in UK for the first time with Burger King. Weaknesses: The company is known for its creativity and has become renowned worldwide and in America for its best work. But still the power lies with the client. Furthermore, the ideas which the company comes up can be easily publicly traded in the market. Opportunities If company's clients are ready to put their accounts up for reviewing regularly, it can be known as one of the opportunity undoubtedly. The employees who are committed to their work and spend all their time to come up with the most creative and flawless idea for an ad- it surely is an opportunity for the company to flourish. Which makes everyone feels that they need advertising. Threats The world of advertising has now become highly saturated; there are trillions of companies to choose from. The threat of loosing clients is always hanging over every company as well as this company too. If Client ask the company to generate idea for the product or service and than they say 'we didn't like the idea'; so there is also a possibility that they can steal the ideas and make the ad on their own. The new agencies are always a threat as may try to copy the style of Crispin Porter+ Bogusky. Recommendations: Try to attract more clients and maintain the brand equity of Crispin Porter+ Bogusky maintain. Try to come up with nice strategic contracts which effectively lock new and existing clients with

Effects of the Recession on the Housing Market

Effects of the Recession on the Housing Market Introduction This part of the dissertation seeks to understand and investigate the cause of the current global recession and how it has affected the housing market in the UK. Housing Market Trends After the housing markets spectacular collapse in the 1990s, the UK housing market staged a significant revival. According to the HBOS index, the average house price stood at about  £163,000 in 2005, approximately double the  £82,000 it would have been worth in 2000. Cameron (2005) suggests that house prices surpassed their 1989 peak, relative to average household incomes. The other traditional measure of affordability, the ratio of interest payments to income, is not so overstretched, but only if capital repayments and unsecured debt are ignored. In addition, the strength of the housing market reflects the exceptional economic performance of the economy in 2005, which in turn is partially due to the sensible independent monetary policies pursued by the Bank of England Cameron (2005). As a result, it is suggested that Britain dealt with the world economic slowdown of 2001-2003 a great deal better than the majority of chief economies, producing six per cent growth. This vigorous expansion cannot completely describe the strength of the house price boom. Consequently, numerous economists have argued that there is a bubble in the British housing market, in common with a number of other countries, such as Spain, Australia, Canada, Sweden, and parts of the USA. FIGURE 1 Figure 1 shows the ratio of average house prices to average earnings, a key measure of affordability, for Great Britain and three major regions up to 2004 which is before the economic recession struck. As is visible, there is a positive contrast of cyclical behaviour in each series, with a surprising rise since 1999. According to the HBOS index, prices rose by only 1.3% over the nine months from July 2004 to April 2005. One of the main causes of this poor rise was due to the fact that many households were affected by the increases of the Bank of England base rate. Moreover, the increasing lack of demand within first time buyers, together with decreased numbers of house sales and low request rates for mortgages, implies that house prices have become separated from their underpinnings. The Nature of the Housing Market Housing markets are unusual for a number of reasons Housing markets are peculiar for a number of reasons. First, houses take time to build, so when demand rises, supply can only respond with a considerable lag. Indeed, to all intents, the short-run supply of housing is fixed. Second, houses are an asset that pays an implicit income (that is, the amount of rent that the owner saves by owning a house), so the value of the house should reflect expectations about future rents. But more importantly, since house-ownership in the UK is so widespread, a house is most householdsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ most important asset and since prices can go down as well as up, households are thereby exposed to a considerable amount of risk (almost half a million households had their homes repossessed in the 1990s). Unfortunately, it is not really possible to offset this risk since nobody offers insurance against a fall in prices. The Global economic recession It seems to have been agreed that the financial crisis which formed the birth of the current global economic recession was formed in the millennia of 2000 as a result of several factors which influenced increased housing sales and increased mortgage lending. [Sakbani (2009), Turalay (2009), Sel (2009)] One of the main factors which influenced the financial crisis was the boom in the housing market which was the result of increased supply of housing which persuaded financial institutions to increase and extend mortgages at attractive rates which mortgages borrowers could not afford to pay back. At the time of increased mortgage lending, the mortgage lenders had liquid assets that where at a level never seen before and this encouraged them to invest their assets into higher earning assets. This boom gave mortgage lenders an opportunity to double their portfolio of mortgage lending in respect of the past 10 years and mortgages reached some 50 per cent of their total lending assets after 2001 (Sakbani, 2009). The second factor which influenced housing sales was the record low-interest rates which were put in place by major banks to attract would be house buyers into purchasing mortgages at very low interest rates and other influences was the deregulation of financial institutions, there was a attitude throughout the major central banks of self regulation and with the increased financial innovations, major banks tended to regulate themselves. The final major factor was the disappearance of inflation fear as banks began to grow and increase portfolios, their self confidence began also to grow and any fears which were previously held started to disappear and this therefore relaxed their customer vigilance (Sakbani, 2008). As the demand for housing rose in the last decade and a half, this reached a record high in all major countries including the UK and USA. In the USA in particular, housing units sold in 2005 reached a peak of 1,283,000 as compared to an average of 609,000 in 1995-2000. More than 6 million units were sold in the five years up to 2006 (US Economic Forecast, 2009). The affects of this, increased the wealth and amount of disposable income available to households which in turn, increased the growth of the US economy up to 2007. It is recognised however, that this increase in economies and housing sales would not have taken place if there was a reduction in the availability of cheap mortgages being made available in the USA and UK up to 2005 and the substantial increase of low interest rates (IMF, 2008). The major banks began to operate under reduced regulation and with the global financial markets know in full swing, this increased the housing boom in the UK as some mortgages contained grace periods of up to three years and minimal down payments where required and with the introduction of low-interest rates, only fuelled the housing boom. Furthermore, these mortgages that where being taken out by borrowers would have originally been considered as non-credit worthy or, at very least, borrowers who incurred debts beyond their capacity to pay back (Ronald, 2008). As the banks began to run these debts, they ensured that the higher the risk, the higher should be the lending rate which therefore gave rise to the subprime mortgage market; this is a market whose borrowers may have difficulty maintaining the repayment schedule. Proponents of subprime lending maintain that the practice extends credit to people who would otherwise not have access to the credit market. As Professor Rosen of Princeton University explained, The main thing that innovations in the mortgage market have done over the past 30 years is to let in the excluded: the young, the discriminated against, the people without a lot of money in the bank to use for a down payment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It has now been agreed that this would have only ended in one way, this being collapse of the housing market and financial institutions. As borrowers started to run out of finances to repay their mortgages and defaults began to increase, the rate of increase in housing prices started to fall and could not compete with the rate of debt which therefore meant that borrowers could not refinance their loans or sell their houses at large profits [(The) Economist (2008), Sakbani (2008), Elise (2008)]. One way this could have been prevented is that if banks had extended their mortgage loans under the old conditions of mortgage lending, they would have had to hold them on their books and eventually would have run out of funds. But starting in the late 1980s, financial innovations made it possible for mortgage lenders to unload their loans to pools, which can transform these personalised, non-negotiable obligations into derivative securities guaranteed by the mortgages (Sakbani, 2008). After the crisis erupted, the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2008) estimated the size of these securities at more than $945 billion, while Goldman Sachs put them at more than $1.0 trillion. In September 2008, the IMF revised its estimate to $1.4 trillion ((The) Economist, 2008). On January 28, 2009 the IMF once more revised its estimate to $2.2 trillion. All these estimates therefore prove that, nobody had any idea of the amount of the non-performing assets. Sakbani (2008) tends to suggest that there were many culprits that where directly related to the financial crisis of 2008 which include: the greedy banks and other financial institutions with their irresponsible and uninformed behaviour, the equally greedy borrowers, the absence of regulations covering all the financial institutions involved and not just banks, the lacunae of vigilant supervision at both the states and federal levels, the non-regulated and non-transparent character of the financial innovations, the failure of the rating agencies to do their job and finally the loose monetary policy of the Greenspan era in the years 2001-2004. Mr Greenspan, testifying on October 23, 2008 before a Congressional Committee, admitted his error in believing that investment managers would exercise prudence in their operations and accepted that the regulatory system was loose and fundamentally obsolete. Since the beginning of the economic recession, there has been a high reduction in new housing starts after a reduced number of sales. Berkeley Homes for example, reported sales down by 50% in the summer of 2008, also with housebuildersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shares falling to low levels, there is major financing problems which continue to suffer. Housing Developments Policy Turalay (2008) appears to suggest that at the beginning of the downturn, the position of the UK housing market did not appear to be that bad as it was expected that there would be a gradual slow down in housing sales and then a fairly rapid recovery process which would not adversely affect the economy, however, this did not prove to be the case and no-one could have predicted what actually happened. Although UK economist Andrew Oswald, famously declared in November 2002; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I think we are about to go through the great housing crash of 2003 to 2005. . . . I advise you to sell your house, and move into rented accommodation Panic will then set inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Pickard, 2005, p. 9). When comparing the period of July-October 2007 with July-October 2008, evidence suggests that a fall in average sale prices of around 14 per cent (Land Registry, 2008). It has been noted by Pryce Sprigings (2008) that measuring price change is hampered by the fact that selling times have risen substantially and indices are therefore not comparing like with like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ideally one would like to compare, for example, the acerage price of houses that sold within a month on the market in 2007 with average prices of houses that sold within a month on the market in 2008. Evidence also suggests that transaction volumes have fallen dramatically from around 111,000 sales per month in England and Wales between July and October 2007 to 45,000 sales per month between July and October 2008, which is a fall of 60 per cent (Land Registry, 2008). Other data sources also reported this fall including Halifax, Nationwide, Land Registry and Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML). Some locations are showing even greater falls, with city centre flat and apartment markets appearing to be particularly vulnerable. During Oswaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prediction, real average house prices rose at one of the steepest rates recorded in modern times, by nearly a quarter in real terms, from  £140,593 in 2003 quarter 1, to  £173,412 in 2006 quarter 1, based on nationwide real mix adjusted house prices see Figure 1 below, and continued to rise for a further two years until quarter 4 of 2007. Figure 1 Real House Prices There appears to have been significant early interventions from the government and the Bank of England to keep both the housing market and the wider economy on course. Consecutive cuts to base rates, addition of  £50bn of liquidity into the finance markets by the Bank of England to alleviate the credit crunch, and  £2.7bn fiscal improvement to balance low-income households for the withdrawal of the 10p tax rate. It was expected that these would all combine to form an apparently positive reinforcement, however this would prove not to be the case as in March 2008, initial indications emerged of a somewhat more speedy slowdown in the housing sector was about to develop. The RICS housing market survey of that month specified that surveyor attitude with regard to house prices had weakened to the lowest point since the survey began in 1978 and the ratio of completed sales in the previous three months to the stock of unsold property on the market fell to 0.224, the lowest since September 1996 (RICS UK Economic Brief, 2008). With mortgage approvals falling by 44 per cent in the same year (2008), this resulted in a significant fall in housing demand which led to banks being unwilling to offer new loans on houses. Although there is no surprise that the housing market has took a downturn and because this has happened before, there are no unexpected events occurring, Pryce and Sprigings tend to suggest that the speed and severity of the decline has been unusual. They go on to express that this leads us to naturally question whether our policies, our regulatory frameworks, our collective approach to housing and cultural obsession with house prices, have in some way exacerbated this particular manifestation of that cycle by sustaining the upswing well beyond mean trend and perhaps resulting an unnecessarily sever and rapid downturn (Pryce and Sprigings, 2008). These questions however are not wholly of interest to housing professionals as links between residential property and the broader market as well recognised. An example of this is stated by Goodhart and Hofmann (2008, p.180), where they find; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a significant multidirectional link between house prices, monetary variables, and the macroeconomy with the effects of money and credit amplified when house prices are boomingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is agreed by Maclennan and Pryce that housing impacts on the real economy via the construction, financial, estate agency and legal sector and through housing equity financed consumption, all of which are sensitive to housing market fluctuations, and all have become increasingly inter-linked across nations as a result of the globalisation of capital and labour (Maclennan and Pryce, 1996). It is also in agreement with numerous authors, Malpass in particular, that housing also impacts on welfare; not only through homelessness caused by repossessions (i.e. owner occupiers and renters affected by landlord default) at a time of crisis, but increasingly through equity release funding of education support (including accommodation) at the start of life and elderly care at the end. (Malpass, 2005). Another article which backs Malpassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ suggestion is the announcement of the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) which has confirmed the closing of Local Authority New Build (LANB) as a national programme. This is a result of the Treasury announcing that it was cutting  £220 million from HCAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget, this follows on from the cut to the May budget of  £230 million. The new builds where seen as a solution to ease the housing crisis of the UK since the recession and to add to Malpassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ argument, Baroness Hanham stated in the House of Lords; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There will be casualties; I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any doubt that there will be casualtiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Furthermore to this statement, Labours Lord McKenzie warned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It will force many to move or end up homeless and create ghettos of the poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Unfortunately, the literature and policy debates on the nature and consequences of housing markets have evolved rather dichotomously. As Maclennan (2008, p. 424) observed; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Many nations are now involved in two housing discussions, namely à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“homelessness and affordabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"house price booms, bubbles and bustsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The first theme has largely been the domain of social policy ministries, lobbies and researchers (Carter and Polevychok, 2004).The second has absorbed the macroeconomic policy community, including central banks, finance ministries, financial institutions and some academic economists, who are concerned about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Affordability and stability are often discussed as if they are unrelated, not just in the press, but also within policymaking circles.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Researchers can now endeavour to bridge this gap in housing discussions. By using the analogy of sowing and reaping, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Galations 6:7, King James Version). It can be highlighted how scrupulous aspects of the existing recession should require policy makers and researchers to reflect on the failures of policy that have arisen as a result of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fragmented nature of housing thinking within modern governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Maclennan, 2008). Pryce and Sprigings propose that the great correction that is currently underway is a consequence, not only of transcendent global forces, but also significantly of UK policy decisions on financial liberalisation and housing. And if we are reaping what we have sown in domestic policy, who are the winners and losers, and what are the implications for how we evaluate UK post-war policy? It has been made clear that such issues are underpinned by major policy, theoretical, and empirical questions that will most probably be debated at length in the future. What Pryce and Sprigings have done, is highlighted the issues and hope that highlighting these issues will offer some key pointers as to how the future debate should be structured and what might be done to ensure a more integrated approach to modernising UK housing policies. It is argued that successive governments i.e. Conservative Party and Labour Party have promoted homeownership since the end of the Second World War and its benefits it brings financially to the lease holder if they are the occupier as one of the White Papers show from 1953, which states; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One object of future housing policy will be to continue to promote, by all possible means, the building of new houses for owner occupation. Of all forms of saving this is one of the best. Of all forms of ownership this is one of the most satisfying to the individual and the most beneficial to the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1953White Paper, Houses: The Next Step). Gradually homeownership became deeply embedded in the UK psyche as the tenure of aspiration (Ronald, 2008). However, people then become aware that homeownership may not be best suited for everyone and this is a point that is raised by Sprigings (2008) where he identified that by encouraging low-income households into homeownership, we are subjecting them to the worst of its costs and risks while the market may restrict for them the potential of its benefits. This idea was also backed up by Pickard (2005) where he stated that housing is believed to be a great long-term investment on average, but for the deprived areas, and for the poorest households, homeownership may simply not produce the promised benefits. Housing developments and the global recession can be seen as interlinked with certain groups of society and those in less secure jobs as people on low income will bear the biggest brunt of the recession as low income workers and people in less secure jobs are more than likely to face financial difficulties when it comes to mortgage repayments as they are likely to lose their jobs or see rising inflation and rising interest rates and therefore low income households are likely to leave homeownership at the worst point because they are facing the biggest impact of the recession and also when the market begins to resume to normality again, low-income households may find it harder to re-enter the housing market when house prices are low because there is a proven correlation between credit being made available and housing prices and low-income households may not be able to obtain credit when house prices are still low therefore not enabling them to enter the housing market when it seems mo st beneficial. The CML also back up this idea as figures for October 2008 show that, the value of loans has decreased to 83 per cent of the value of the property therefore, as it has been established that long term dividends on housing can be superior, low-income households will find it difficult to witness these dividends as they will be exiting the housing market when it begins to deteriorate and trying to enter the housing market when it is difficult to obtain credit. Pryce (2008) seems to perceive that the promotion of homeownership by successive UK governments and therefore the rapid increase of owner occupation may have inadvertently produced a money pump working in the opposite direction. Another theory which Pryce (2008) identifies is the fact that low-income and particularly ethnic groups are less likely to enjoy the benefits of inter-generational housing welfare transfer. Keister (2003) also backs up the second theory of Pryce (2008) by identifying that children from larger families accumulate less wealth than do those from smaller families and that siblings dilute parentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ finite financial resources and non material resources. Sibship size also reduced that likelihood of receiving a trust account or an inheritance and decreases home and stock ownership. Buy-to-Let Mortgages Buy-to-Let mortgages where developed in 1995 and where designed as a new financial product in the UK which enabled individuals to purchase a mortgage on a property for the purpose of letting the property out to future tenants. The benefits from these mortgages can include a stable income from rental receipts, as well as an accumulation of wealth if house prices go up. However one of the main factors of risk with taking out a buy-to-let mortgage is leverage speculation where the landlord purchases a property expecting to sell the house at a later date for a higher price or that rental income will exceed the repayment amounts of the initial loan. Buy-to-Let mortgages have became extremely popular with apprentice investors as this type of mortgage attracts middle income people to start to develop into small-scale landlords as a means of investing for their retirement. The volume of these loans grew rapidly in value as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 BTL loan Pryce (2008) expresses concern at the fact that 90 per cent of total BTL advances since 1999 have been taken out during periods of above-trend house prices, and  £74 billion of BTL mortgages, which is more than half of the total BTL advances since 1999, were issues at the very peak of the housing boom. This can be seen in Figure 3. Fig 3 It is therefore in agreement that, a significant proportion of BTL loans are at risk because there is consensus that the value of securities will fall below the outstanding mortgage debts. This consensus is backed-up by the fact that repossessions on BTL properties as a per cent of all BTL mortgages almost doubled in the space of 18 months from the second half of 2005 to the first half of 2007 before the first round of gloomy house price results were released in late 2007. Latest CML data also reinforces this claim as they show a large increase in BTL accounts over three months in arrears at the third quarter of 2008 having trebled in number in 12 months to around 18,000. (Pryce and Sprigings 2008). If home owners begin to default on their loans then the impact could be significant not only for lenders, but for particular sectors of the housing market as 80 per cent of BTL properties are terraced of flats and these account for almost a third of the entire UK private rented stock (Sprigings, 2008). One of the key features of the BTL which there is much agreement on is the impact it seems to have had on new housing supply with flats coming to dominate supply, particularly in city markets. (Taylor 2008, Sprigings 2008). Fig 4 Effects of the Recession on the Housing Market Effects of the Recession on the Housing Market Introduction This part of the dissertation seeks to understand and investigate the cause of the current global recession and how it has affected the housing market in the UK. Housing Market Trends After the housing markets spectacular collapse in the 1990s, the UK housing market staged a significant revival. According to the HBOS index, the average house price stood at about  £163,000 in 2005, approximately double the  £82,000 it would have been worth in 2000. Cameron (2005) suggests that house prices surpassed their 1989 peak, relative to average household incomes. The other traditional measure of affordability, the ratio of interest payments to income, is not so overstretched, but only if capital repayments and unsecured debt are ignored. In addition, the strength of the housing market reflects the exceptional economic performance of the economy in 2005, which in turn is partially due to the sensible independent monetary policies pursued by the Bank of England Cameron (2005). As a result, it is suggested that Britain dealt with the world economic slowdown of 2001-2003 a great deal better than the majority of chief economies, producing six per cent growth. This vigorous expansion cannot completely describe the strength of the house price boom. Consequently, numerous economists have argued that there is a bubble in the British housing market, in common with a number of other countries, such as Spain, Australia, Canada, Sweden, and parts of the USA. FIGURE 1 Figure 1 shows the ratio of average house prices to average earnings, a key measure of affordability, for Great Britain and three major regions up to 2004 which is before the economic recession struck. As is visible, there is a positive contrast of cyclical behaviour in each series, with a surprising rise since 1999. According to the HBOS index, prices rose by only 1.3% over the nine months from July 2004 to April 2005. One of the main causes of this poor rise was due to the fact that many households were affected by the increases of the Bank of England base rate. Moreover, the increasing lack of demand within first time buyers, together with decreased numbers of house sales and low request rates for mortgages, implies that house prices have become separated from their underpinnings. The Nature of the Housing Market Housing markets are unusual for a number of reasons Housing markets are peculiar for a number of reasons. First, houses take time to build, so when demand rises, supply can only respond with a considerable lag. Indeed, to all intents, the short-run supply of housing is fixed. Second, houses are an asset that pays an implicit income (that is, the amount of rent that the owner saves by owning a house), so the value of the house should reflect expectations about future rents. But more importantly, since house-ownership in the UK is so widespread, a house is most householdsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ most important asset and since prices can go down as well as up, households are thereby exposed to a considerable amount of risk (almost half a million households had their homes repossessed in the 1990s). Unfortunately, it is not really possible to offset this risk since nobody offers insurance against a fall in prices. The Global economic recession It seems to have been agreed that the financial crisis which formed the birth of the current global economic recession was formed in the millennia of 2000 as a result of several factors which influenced increased housing sales and increased mortgage lending. [Sakbani (2009), Turalay (2009), Sel (2009)] One of the main factors which influenced the financial crisis was the boom in the housing market which was the result of increased supply of housing which persuaded financial institutions to increase and extend mortgages at attractive rates which mortgages borrowers could not afford to pay back. At the time of increased mortgage lending, the mortgage lenders had liquid assets that where at a level never seen before and this encouraged them to invest their assets into higher earning assets. This boom gave mortgage lenders an opportunity to double their portfolio of mortgage lending in respect of the past 10 years and mortgages reached some 50 per cent of their total lending assets after 2001 (Sakbani, 2009). The second factor which influenced housing sales was the record low-interest rates which were put in place by major banks to attract would be house buyers into purchasing mortgages at very low interest rates and other influences was the deregulation of financial institutions, there was a attitude throughout the major central banks of self regulation and with the increased financial innovations, major banks tended to regulate themselves. The final major factor was the disappearance of inflation fear as banks began to grow and increase portfolios, their self confidence began also to grow and any fears which were previously held started to disappear and this therefore relaxed their customer vigilance (Sakbani, 2008). As the demand for housing rose in the last decade and a half, this reached a record high in all major countries including the UK and USA. In the USA in particular, housing units sold in 2005 reached a peak of 1,283,000 as compared to an average of 609,000 in 1995-2000. More than 6 million units were sold in the five years up to 2006 (US Economic Forecast, 2009). The affects of this, increased the wealth and amount of disposable income available to households which in turn, increased the growth of the US economy up to 2007. It is recognised however, that this increase in economies and housing sales would not have taken place if there was a reduction in the availability of cheap mortgages being made available in the USA and UK up to 2005 and the substantial increase of low interest rates (IMF, 2008). The major banks began to operate under reduced regulation and with the global financial markets know in full swing, this increased the housing boom in the UK as some mortgages contained grace periods of up to three years and minimal down payments where required and with the introduction of low-interest rates, only fuelled the housing boom. Furthermore, these mortgages that where being taken out by borrowers would have originally been considered as non-credit worthy or, at very least, borrowers who incurred debts beyond their capacity to pay back (Ronald, 2008). As the banks began to run these debts, they ensured that the higher the risk, the higher should be the lending rate which therefore gave rise to the subprime mortgage market; this is a market whose borrowers may have difficulty maintaining the repayment schedule. Proponents of subprime lending maintain that the practice extends credit to people who would otherwise not have access to the credit market. As Professor Rosen of Princeton University explained, The main thing that innovations in the mortgage market have done over the past 30 years is to let in the excluded: the young, the discriminated against, the people without a lot of money in the bank to use for a down payment.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? It has now been agreed that this would have only ended in one way, this being collapse of the housing market and financial institutions. As borrowers started to run out of finances to repay their mortgages and defaults began to increase, the rate of increase in housing prices started to fall and could not compete with the rate of debt which therefore meant that borrowers could not refinance their loans or sell their houses at large profits [(The) Economist (2008), Sakbani (2008), Elise (2008)]. One way this could have been prevented is that if banks had extended their mortgage loans under the old conditions of mortgage lending, they would have had to hold them on their books and eventually would have run out of funds. But starting in the late 1980s, financial innovations made it possible for mortgage lenders to unload their loans to pools, which can transform these personalised, non-negotiable obligations into derivative securities guaranteed by the mortgages (Sakbani, 2008). After the crisis erupted, the International Monetary Fund (IMF, 2008) estimated the size of these securities at more than $945 billion, while Goldman Sachs put them at more than $1.0 trillion. In September 2008, the IMF revised its estimate to $1.4 trillion ((The) Economist, 2008). On January 28, 2009 the IMF once more revised its estimate to $2.2 trillion. All these estimates therefore prove that, nobody had any idea of the amount of the non-performing assets. Sakbani (2008) tends to suggest that there were many culprits that where directly related to the financial crisis of 2008 which include: the greedy banks and other financial institutions with their irresponsible and uninformed behaviour, the equally greedy borrowers, the absence of regulations covering all the financial institutions involved and not just banks, the lacunae of vigilant supervision at both the states and federal levels, the non-regulated and non-transparent character of the financial innovations, the failure of the rating agencies to do their job and finally the loose monetary policy of the Greenspan era in the years 2001-2004. Mr Greenspan, testifying on October 23, 2008 before a Congressional Committee, admitted his error in believing that investment managers would exercise prudence in their operations and accepted that the regulatory system was loose and fundamentally obsolete. Since the beginning of the economic recession, there has been a high reduction in new housing starts after a reduced number of sales. Berkeley Homes for example, reported sales down by 50% in the summer of 2008, also with housebuildersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ shares falling to low levels, there is major financing problems which continue to suffer. Housing Developments Policy Turalay (2008) appears to suggest that at the beginning of the downturn, the position of the UK housing market did not appear to be that bad as it was expected that there would be a gradual slow down in housing sales and then a fairly rapid recovery process which would not adversely affect the economy, however, this did not prove to be the case and no-one could have predicted what actually happened. Although UK economist Andrew Oswald, famously declared in November 2002; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“I think we are about to go through the great housing crash of 2003 to 2005. . . . I advise you to sell your house, and move into rented accommodation Panic will then set inà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Pickard, 2005, p. 9). When comparing the period of July-October 2007 with July-October 2008, evidence suggests that a fall in average sale prices of around 14 per cent (Land Registry, 2008). It has been noted by Pryce Sprigings (2008) that measuring price change is hampered by the fact that selling times have risen substantially and indices are therefore not comparing like with like à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" ideally one would like to compare, for example, the acerage price of houses that sold within a month on the market in 2007 with average prices of houses that sold within a month on the market in 2008. Evidence also suggests that transaction volumes have fallen dramatically from around 111,000 sales per month in England and Wales between July and October 2007 to 45,000 sales per month between July and October 2008, which is a fall of 60 per cent (Land Registry, 2008). Other data sources also reported this fall including Halifax, Nationwide, Land Registry and Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML). Some locations are showing even greater falls, with city centre flat and apartment markets appearing to be particularly vulnerable. During Oswaldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s prediction, real average house prices rose at one of the steepest rates recorded in modern times, by nearly a quarter in real terms, from  £140,593 in 2003 quarter 1, to  £173,412 in 2006 quarter 1, based on nationwide real mix adjusted house prices see Figure 1 below, and continued to rise for a further two years until quarter 4 of 2007. Figure 1 Real House Prices There appears to have been significant early interventions from the government and the Bank of England to keep both the housing market and the wider economy on course. Consecutive cuts to base rates, addition of  £50bn of liquidity into the finance markets by the Bank of England to alleviate the credit crunch, and  £2.7bn fiscal improvement to balance low-income households for the withdrawal of the 10p tax rate. It was expected that these would all combine to form an apparently positive reinforcement, however this would prove not to be the case as in March 2008, initial indications emerged of a somewhat more speedy slowdown in the housing sector was about to develop. The RICS housing market survey of that month specified that surveyor attitude with regard to house prices had weakened to the lowest point since the survey began in 1978 and the ratio of completed sales in the previous three months to the stock of unsold property on the market fell to 0.224, the lowest since September 1996 (RICS UK Economic Brief, 2008). With mortgage approvals falling by 44 per cent in the same year (2008), this resulted in a significant fall in housing demand which led to banks being unwilling to offer new loans on houses. Although there is no surprise that the housing market has took a downturn and because this has happened before, there are no unexpected events occurring, Pryce and Sprigings tend to suggest that the speed and severity of the decline has been unusual. They go on to express that this leads us to naturally question whether our policies, our regulatory frameworks, our collective approach to housing and cultural obsession with house prices, have in some way exacerbated this particular manifestation of that cycle by sustaining the upswing well beyond mean trend and perhaps resulting an unnecessarily sever and rapid downturn (Pryce and Sprigings, 2008). These questions however are not wholly of interest to housing professionals as links between residential property and the broader market as well recognised. An example of this is stated by Goodhart and Hofmann (2008, p.180), where they find; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a significant multidirectional link between house prices, monetary variables, and the macroeconomy with the effects of money and credit amplified when house prices are boomingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It is agreed by Maclennan and Pryce that housing impacts on the real economy via the construction, financial, estate agency and legal sector and through housing equity financed consumption, all of which are sensitive to housing market fluctuations, and all have become increasingly inter-linked across nations as a result of the globalisation of capital and labour (Maclennan and Pryce, 1996). It is also in agreement with numerous authors, Malpass in particular, that housing also impacts on welfare; not only through homelessness caused by repossessions (i.e. owner occupiers and renters affected by landlord default) at a time of crisis, but increasingly through equity release funding of education support (including accommodation) at the start of life and elderly care at the end. (Malpass, 2005). Another article which backs Malpassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ suggestion is the announcement of the Homes and Communities Agency (HCA) which has confirmed the closing of Local Authority New Build (LANB) as a national programme. This is a result of the Treasury announcing that it was cutting  £220 million from HCAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s budget, this follows on from the cut to the May budget of  £230 million. The new builds where seen as a solution to ease the housing crisis of the UK since the recession and to add to Malpassà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ argument, Baroness Hanham stated in the House of Lords; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There will be casualties; I donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have any doubt that there will be casualtiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Furthermore to this statement, Labours Lord McKenzie warned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It will force many to move or end up homeless and create ghettos of the poorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Unfortunately, the literature and policy debates on the nature and consequences of housing markets have evolved rather dichotomously. As Maclennan (2008, p. 424) observed; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Many nations are now involved in two housing discussions, namely à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“homelessness and affordabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"house price booms, bubbles and bustsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The first theme has largely been the domain of social policy ministries, lobbies and researchers (Carter and Polevychok, 2004).The second has absorbed the macroeconomic policy community, including central banks, finance ministries, financial institutions and some academic economists, who are concerned about à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stabilityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Affordability and stability are often discussed as if they are unrelated, not just in the press, but also within policymaking circles.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Researchers can now endeavour to bridge this gap in housing discussions. By using the analogy of sowing and reaping, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Galations 6:7, King James Version). It can be highlighted how scrupulous aspects of the existing recession should require policy makers and researchers to reflect on the failures of policy that have arisen as a result of the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fragmented nature of housing thinking within modern governmentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Maclennan, 2008). Pryce and Sprigings propose that the great correction that is currently underway is a consequence, not only of transcendent global forces, but also significantly of UK policy decisions on financial liberalisation and housing. And if we are reaping what we have sown in domestic policy, who are the winners and losers, and what are the implications for how we evaluate UK post-war policy? It has been made clear that such issues are underpinned by major policy, theoretical, and empirical questions that will most probably be debated at length in the future. What Pryce and Sprigings have done, is highlighted the issues and hope that highlighting these issues will offer some key pointers as to how the future debate should be structured and what might be done to ensure a more integrated approach to modernising UK housing policies. It is argued that successive governments i.e. Conservative Party and Labour Party have promoted homeownership since the end of the Second World War and its benefits it brings financially to the lease holder if they are the occupier as one of the White Papers show from 1953, which states; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“One object of future housing policy will be to continue to promote, by all possible means, the building of new houses for owner occupation. Of all forms of saving this is one of the best. Of all forms of ownership this is one of the most satisfying to the individual and the most beneficial to the nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1953White Paper, Houses: The Next Step). Gradually homeownership became deeply embedded in the UK psyche as the tenure of aspiration (Ronald, 2008). However, people then become aware that homeownership may not be best suited for everyone and this is a point that is raised by Sprigings (2008) where he identified that by encouraging low-income households into homeownership, we are subjecting them to the worst of its costs and risks while the market may restrict for them the potential of its benefits. This idea was also backed up by Pickard (2005) where he stated that housing is believed to be a great long-term investment on average, but for the deprived areas, and for the poorest households, homeownership may simply not produce the promised benefits. Housing developments and the global recession can be seen as interlinked with certain groups of society and those in less secure jobs as people on low income will bear the biggest brunt of the recession as low income workers and people in less secure jobs are more than likely to face financial difficulties when it comes to mortgage repayments as they are likely to lose their jobs or see rising inflation and rising interest rates and therefore low income households are likely to leave homeownership at the worst point because they are facing the biggest impact of the recession and also when the market begins to resume to normality again, low-income households may find it harder to re-enter the housing market when house prices are low because there is a proven correlation between credit being made available and housing prices and low-income households may not be able to obtain credit when house prices are still low therefore not enabling them to enter the housing market when it seems mo st beneficial. The CML also back up this idea as figures for October 2008 show that, the value of loans has decreased to 83 per cent of the value of the property therefore, as it has been established that long term dividends on housing can be superior, low-income households will find it difficult to witness these dividends as they will be exiting the housing market when it begins to deteriorate and trying to enter the housing market when it is difficult to obtain credit. Pryce (2008) seems to perceive that the promotion of homeownership by successive UK governments and therefore the rapid increase of owner occupation may have inadvertently produced a money pump working in the opposite direction. Another theory which Pryce (2008) identifies is the fact that low-income and particularly ethnic groups are less likely to enjoy the benefits of inter-generational housing welfare transfer. Keister (2003) also backs up the second theory of Pryce (2008) by identifying that children from larger families accumulate less wealth than do those from smaller families and that siblings dilute parentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ finite financial resources and non material resources. Sibship size also reduced that likelihood of receiving a trust account or an inheritance and decreases home and stock ownership. Buy-to-Let Mortgages Buy-to-Let mortgages where developed in 1995 and where designed as a new financial product in the UK which enabled individuals to purchase a mortgage on a property for the purpose of letting the property out to future tenants. The benefits from these mortgages can include a stable income from rental receipts, as well as an accumulation of wealth if house prices go up. However one of the main factors of risk with taking out a buy-to-let mortgage is leverage speculation where the landlord purchases a property expecting to sell the house at a later date for a higher price or that rental income will exceed the repayment amounts of the initial loan. Buy-to-Let mortgages have became extremely popular with apprentice investors as this type of mortgage attracts middle income people to start to develop into small-scale landlords as a means of investing for their retirement. The volume of these loans grew rapidly in value as shown in Figure 2. Figure 2 BTL loan Pryce (2008) expresses concern at the fact that 90 per cent of total BTL advances since 1999 have been taken out during periods of above-trend house prices, and  £74 billion of BTL mortgages, which is more than half of the total BTL advances since 1999, were issues at the very peak of the housing boom. This can be seen in Figure 3. Fig 3 It is therefore in agreement that, a significant proportion of BTL loans are at risk because there is consensus that the value of securities will fall below the outstanding mortgage debts. This consensus is backed-up by the fact that repossessions on BTL properties as a per cent of all BTL mortgages almost doubled in the space of 18 months from the second half of 2005 to the first half of 2007 before the first round of gloomy house price results were released in late 2007. Latest CML data also reinforces this claim as they show a large increase in BTL accounts over three months in arrears at the third quarter of 2008 having trebled in number in 12 months to around 18,000. (Pryce and Sprigings 2008). If home owners begin to default on their loans then the impact could be significant not only for lenders, but for particular sectors of the housing market as 80 per cent of BTL properties are terraced of flats and these account for almost a third of the entire UK private rented stock (Sprigings, 2008). One of the key features of the BTL which there is much agreement on is the impact it seems to have had on new housing supply with flats coming to dominate supply, particularly in city markets. (Taylor 2008, Sprigings 2008). Fig 4